Pathology Of The Alimentary Tract 2

Front 1

What is ruminal tympany?

Back 1

Failure to expel fermentation gas via eructation due to an obstruction or excessive gas produced more so than being absorbed.

Front 2

What is primary bloat?

Back 2

Frothy bloat associated with ingestion of high carb diet. More gas produced than is absorbed.

Front 3

What is secondary bloat?

Back 3

Mechanical or functional obstruction of the oesophagus. Accumulation of gas.

Front 4

What are the signs of ruminal tympany?

Back 4

Rumen distended with gas or fermented feed.

Blood is dark and hypoxic.

Clots.

Haemochezia

Front 5

What are the main causes of ruminal acidosis?

Back 5

High carbs a grain overload.

Front 6

The sequence of events that lead to a ruminal acidosis?

Back 6

Lots of carbs-> increase in number of gram positive cocci (lactobacillus)-> increased VFA and lactic acid production -> Fall in ph less than 5

RUminitis may develop

Front 7

Gross findings of ruminal acidosis ?

Back 7

Porridge like ruminal contents

Front 8

Ruminitis caused by ruminal acidosis features?

Back 8

Thromboemboli may travel to liver and abscess.

Histologically lots of neutrophils in epithelium of ruminal papillae, erosion and ulcers. Colonization by fungi (Mucor)

Front 9

Parthenogenesis of traumatic reticulitis?

Back 9

1)Ingestion of a piece of wire

2) falls to the floor of recticulum

3) contraction forces through wall

4) continue into pericardium through diapraghm etc.

Front 10

Name another cause of ruminitis ? Pathogenesis?

Back 10

Mycotic

or Bacterial like Fusobacterium Necrophorum.

Opportunist pathogen can lead to thromoembolic spread and coagulative necrosis and abscess in the liver

Front 11

Typers of neoplasm in the ruminant forestomachs?

Back 11

Papilloma virus type 4

SCC developed from papillomas in associating with braken toxin

Front 12

Obstructional disorders of the glandular stomach and abomasum?

Back 12

Foreign body or functional object

Pyloric stenosis.

Front 13

What is the name given to an obstruction caused by bones, stones, hair and wool?

Back 13

Trichobezoars

Front 14

What is the name of an obstruction caused by plant material and what animals are susceptible?

Back 14

Phytobezoars - plant material.

Front 15

Name the different types of displacements of the stomach and abomasum?

Back 15

Herniation of stomach

LDA

RDA

Gastric dilatation and volvulus

Front 16

When would herniation through the diaphragm usually occur?

Back 16

Congenital or a dog or cat in a road traffic accident

Front 17

What are reasons for displacement of the abomasum?

Back 17

Diet, transition after birth to lactation, changes in calcium levels in the blood.

Front 18

What is the most common abomasal displacement?Most severe?

Back 18

Left

Right

Front 19

How does gastric dilatation and volvulus occur and which animals susceptible?

Back 19

Exercise post feeding stomach is distended with gas and increases the inter thoracic pressure and blood vessels the spleen and stomach rotate on their long axis occluding the oesophagus and venous return! CONGESTION, OEDEMA, NECROSIS OF MUCOSA, CAN RUPTURE.

LARGE DEEP CHESTED DOGS THINK GREAT DANE!

Front 20

What suggests that gastric rupture is not post mortem change due to putrefying bacteria ?

Back 20

Peritonitis and hemorrhage

Front 21

What leads to haemorrhagic gastritis/ abomasitis?

Back 21

Clostridium septicum acute necrotising toxins leading to necrosis with fibrin, oedema, haemorrhage and emphysema.

Front 22

What has occurred here?

Back 22

Hypertrophy of the rugae due to chronic retention of gastric fluid and bile reflux.

Front 23

What is the pathogenesis of ostertagiasis?

Back 23

Encysted larvae form nodules, glandular hyperplasia and loss of function.

Type I

Type II

Front 24

When does ostertagiasis type II occur?

Back 24

When the larvae overwinter and encyst then emerge in mass in the spring.

Front 25

How does ulceration occur in the stomach ?

Back 25

Hypersecretion of acid and impaired mucosal barrier due to stress, gluccocorticoids, prostaglandin inhibitors, epithelial damage

Front 26

The sequence of events leading to gastric ulceration?

Back 26

Mucosal barrier disrupted--> pepsin and acid lead to necrosis-> ulcers, erosion into blood vessels--> haemmorhage.

Front 27

Causes of ulcers in the dogs?

Back 27

NSAIDS

Mast cell tumor (Histamine causes HCL hypersecretion)

Chronic renal disease

Pancreatic gastrin secreting tumour gamma cells.

Bile reflux

Front 28

When do pigs mainly get ulceration?

Back 28

Finely ground feed

Front 29

Were do we usually see ulcers in horses?

Back 29

Margo plicatus

Front 30

Common neoplasms in abomasum/stomach?

Back 30

Adenocarcinomas of glands.

SCC

Leimyoma leiomyosarcoma

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Lymphoma