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88 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What parts of the alimentary tract are lined with Stratified squemous epithelium

Lining of the mouth


Oesophagus


Non glandular part of the stomach in the pig and the horse


Forestomachs of the ruminants


Anus

What parts of the alimentary tract are lines with simple columnar epithelium

Lining of the stomach and abomasum

What are the tubular glands of the stomach comprised of?

Simple tubular glands


Parietal cells producing HCL


Chief cells producing pepsin

Describe the synergistic effect of HCL and Pepsinogen

HCL activates pepsinogen to pepsin which then can go on to break down proteins


What is the epithelium of the small intestine?

Progenitor cells in the crypts


Cilliated eptihelium - enterocytes


Goblet cells

What is the epithelium of the large intestine?

Caecum, colon, rectum


Lacks villi and is lined by epithelium containing many mucous secreting goblet cells

What are the defence mechanisms of the alimentary tract?

Secretions


Epithelium


Commensals


Movement


Cell mediated and humoral defenses

What secretions protect the alimentary tract?

Saliva


Mucous


Acid


Digestive enzymes


Bile

What does saliva contain

Antibacterials - lysozyme and secretory IgA

What does the mucous do?

Traps bacteria and protects the surface epithelium

What are the main digestive enzymes

Salivary amylase


Pepsin


Pancreatic and SI enzymes

How does the epithelia have a protective function?

Mucosal barrier with tight junctions between eptihelial cells reducing permeability to some organisms


Keratinised at some sites and multilayered stratified epithelium meaning basal cells are protected

What does commensal flora do?

Barrier to pathogens


Essential for digestion

What are the cell mediated and humoral defenses

Lamina propria contains Macrophages, t cells, b cells and lymphocytes


Epithelium contains intraepithelial lymphocytes


Lymphoid aggregates - IPP and GALT


Antibody production - secretory iga


Regional lymph nodes

What are the defence mechanisms of the oral cavity?

Taste buds


Normal Bacterial flora


Saliva

What does saliva do

Flush


coating


Lysozyme


Immunoglobulins

What are the developmental abnormalititas or the oral cavity

Brachygnathia inferior or superior (shortening or the mandible or maxilla)


Prognathia inferiro or superior (difficult to distinguish


Cleft palate


Hare lip

Cleft palate

Palatoschisis -inadequare growth of palatine shelves

Palatoschisis -inadequare growth of palatine shelves

Brachygnathia superior

Hare lip

cheiloschisis - absence of part of the lip rostral to the nasal septum

cheiloschisis - absence of part of the lip rostral to the nasal septum

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the oral cavity

Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gingiva

Inflammation of the gingiva

Actinobacillosis

Wooden tongue - chronic lesions of bacteria Actinobacillus lignieresii in cattle

Wooden tongue - chronic lesions of bacteria Actinobacillus lignieresii in cattle

Actinomycosis

Lumpy jaw, chronic osteomyelitis caused by actinomyces bovis

Lumpy jaw, chronic osteomyelitis caused by actinomyces bovis

Oral eosinophillic granuloma

Cats get this, unknown aetiology but probably immune mediated

Cats get this, unknown aetiology but probably immune mediated

Calf diptheria

Fusobacterium necrophorum


Oral and laryngeal forms


swelling of pharynx, difficulty eating and swallowing


Necrotising/abscessation

Fusobacterium necrophorum


Oral and laryngeal forms


swelling of pharynx, difficulty eating and swallowing


Necrotising/abscessation

Diptheric membrane

a false membrane characteristic of diphtheria, formed by coagulation necrosis.


Fibrin, necrotic material and secondary bacteril infection

Catarrhal exuadate

Mucus, epithelial cells, neutrophils

When do vesicles occur

Systemic viral infections - calcivrus


Autoimmune disease


Thermal injury

Calcivirus vesicle appearence

How do vesicles from

Cells undergo hydropig degeration


Swelling and necrosis occur


Leaving a fluid filled space

What are bullae

Coalesced vesicles

What are uclers

Progression of vesicles after rupture to form erosions


This usually occurs if ulcers are effected

What are erosions

Sequalae to ruptures ulcer


Heal by epithelial regeneration

What diseases can cause ulcers

Feline calcivirus and feline herpesvirus


Muscosal disease caused by bovine viral diarrhoea disease virus


Immune mediated disease against epithelial surface antigens

Name some immune mediated ulcerative diseases

Pemphigus vulgaris


Bullous pemphigoid

What causes papular lesions around the mouth

ORF

ORF

What are the consequences of orf

Firm raised papules and pustules on the lips and oral mucosa, hydropic degeneration


Mixed inflammatory cell infiltration and secondary bacterial infection

What would you see hitologically in papules

Cytoplasmic inclusions - necrotic ballooning degeneration (proliferative)

What would you see in erosion of mucosa lines with stratified squamous epithelium

Loss of partial thickness of epithelium

What would you see with an ulcer of mucosa lined with stratified squamous epithelium?

Full thickness epithelial defect in which there is loss of the entire epithelium down to or deeper than the BM

What would you see with erosion of muscosa lined with simple glandular eptihelium?

Loss of epithelium and partial thickness of LP

What would you see with ulceration of mucosa lined with simple glandular epithelium?

Full thickness mucosal defect, loss of epithelium and entire LP, sometimes extending into submucosa

What do oral papillomas look like

Cauliflower like lesions on the lips and oral mucosa


Thick squamous epithelium overlying branching pedunculated fibrous stroma


Benign epithelial tumours

What are squamous cell carcinomas

Malignant epithelial tumours


Locally invasive with or without mets


May contain keratin pearls


Irregular masses of squamous epithelium


What is the most common oral malignancy in cats

Squamous cell carcinoma on ventrolateral tongue

Papilloma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Gross melanoma

Malignant melanoma

Squamous cell carcinoma cat - ventrolateral tongue

What is the sequalae of a malignant melanoma

Amelanotic melanoma when becomes poorly differentiated

Epulis

Benign neoplasms of peridontal origin affecting the gingivae


What breed is predisposed to epulis

Boxers and other brachicephalics

Epulis - benign tumour of the gingival or alveolar mucosa

What are the congenital abnormalities of the oesophagus

Segmental aplasia


Achalasia

Segmental aplasia of the oesophagus

Failure of fusion, ban of fibrous tissue where distal oesophagus should be

Achalasia

Failure of cardiac sphincter to open

What are the neuromuscular disorders of the oesophagus

Mesoesophagus


Idiopathic


Dysautonomias


Myodegeneration

What is megaesophagus

Dilated flaccid oesophagus lacks peristalsis accumulates ingesta due to underlying neuromuscular disorder


Lower sphincter usually normal

What breeds often have developmental disorders of the vagus nerve and motor nucleus

Siamese cat


Great dane


GSD

Key gaskell syndrom

Feline dysautonomia - acquired

Where do intraluminal obstructions occur

Thoracic inlet


Base of the hear


Cardiac sphincter

What can occur as a sequalae to intraluminal obstruction of the oesophagus

Stricture on healing


Ulceration


Pressure necrosis


Perforation

Intramural oesophageal obstruction

Within the wall


e.g. neoplasia, granulation tissue, abscess, fibrosis

Extrinsic oesophageal obstruction

Vascular ring abnormalities, abscesses, haemotomas, neoplasia

Causes of oesophagitis

Reflux, infecitous agents

Neoplasms of the oesophagus

Papillomatosis


Squamous cell carcinoma


Leiomyoma

Contageous pustulart dermatitis


Not firm raised papulars and pustules on the lips and oral mucosa

What is would you see with orf histologically

Cytoplasmic inclusions


Necrotic ballooning degeneration and proliferation


Inflammatory cell infiltration


Hydropic degeneration

RHS arrow - cytoplasmic inclusions


LHS arrow - balooning degeneration

Characteristics of an ulcer of stratified squamous mucose

Full thickness epithelial loss down - to deeper BM

Characteristics of an erosion of stratified quamous mucosa

Loss of partial thickness loss of epithelium

What is the characteristic of an ulcer of glandular mucosa

Full thickenss loss of mucosa, lp and submucosa

What is the characteristic of an erosion of an erosion of glandular mucosa

Loss of epithelium and partial LP

What causes this?


Bovine papillomavirus type 4

What is this a histology of?


What are the eosinophillic components

What is this a histology of?


What are the eosinophillic components

Squamous cell carcinoma


Keratin pearls

What has happened to this malignant melanoma

What has happened to this malignant melanoma

It has lost pigment as cells become less differentiated - apigmented melanoma

Eulis - dense collagenous tissue covered with stratified squamous epithlium that descends into stroma in cords

Achalasia

Failure of cardiac sphincter to open

Megaoesophagus


Dilation - lack peristalsis


Accumulates ingesta due to NM or obstruction


Idiopathic/acquired (neurological or muscular)

What caused this

What caused this

Foreign body - note that there is also oesophagitis and necrosis (pressure necrosis)

WHat may cause this lesion in cattle

WHat may cause this lesion in cattle

Bovine oesophagitis due to mucosal disease


Acute form of BVD in persistantly infected animals

What may cause this lesion in the horse?

What may cause this lesion in the horse?

Equine grass sickness results in gasto oesophageal reflux - erosion and ulceration of muscosa

Intramural

Within the wall

Intraluminal

within the lumen

Extrinsic

outside the wall