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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What parts of the alimentary tract are lined with Stratified squemous epithelium |
Lining of the mouth Oesophagus Non glandular part of the stomach in the pig and the horse Forestomachs of the ruminants Anus |
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What parts of the alimentary tract are lines with simple columnar epithelium |
Lining of the stomach and abomasum |
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What are the tubular glands of the stomach comprised of? |
Simple tubular glands Parietal cells producing HCL Chief cells producing pepsin |
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Describe the synergistic effect of HCL and Pepsinogen |
HCL activates pepsinogen to pepsin which then can go on to break down proteins
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What is the epithelium of the small intestine? |
Progenitor cells in the crypts Cilliated eptihelium - enterocytes Goblet cells |
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What is the epithelium of the large intestine? |
Caecum, colon, rectum Lacks villi and is lined by epithelium containing many mucous secreting goblet cells |
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What are the defence mechanisms of the alimentary tract? |
Secretions Epithelium Commensals Movement Cell mediated and humoral defenses |
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What secretions protect the alimentary tract? |
Saliva Mucous Acid Digestive enzymes Bile |
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What does saliva contain |
Antibacterials - lysozyme and secretory IgA |
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What does the mucous do? |
Traps bacteria and protects the surface epithelium |
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What are the main digestive enzymes |
Salivary amylase Pepsin Pancreatic and SI enzymes |
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How does the epithelia have a protective function? |
Mucosal barrier with tight junctions between eptihelial cells reducing permeability to some organisms Keratinised at some sites and multilayered stratified epithelium meaning basal cells are protected |
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What does commensal flora do? |
Barrier to pathogens Essential for digestion |
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What are the cell mediated and humoral defenses |
Lamina propria contains Macrophages, t cells, b cells and lymphocytes Epithelium contains intraepithelial lymphocytes Lymphoid aggregates - IPP and GALT Antibody production - secretory iga Regional lymph nodes |
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What are the defence mechanisms of the oral cavity? |
Taste buds Normal Bacterial flora Saliva |
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What does saliva do |
Flush coating Lysozyme Immunoglobulins |
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What are the developmental abnormalititas or the oral cavity |
Brachygnathia inferior or superior (shortening or the mandible or maxilla) Prognathia inferiro or superior (difficult to distinguish Cleft palate Hare lip |
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Cleft palate |
Palatoschisis -inadequare growth of palatine shelves |
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Brachygnathia superior |
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Hare lip |
cheiloschisis - absence of part of the lip rostral to the nasal septum |
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Stomatitis |
Inflammation of the oral cavity |
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Glossitis |
Inflammation of the tongue |
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Gingivitis |
Inflammation of the gingiva |
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Actinobacillosis |
Wooden tongue - chronic lesions of bacteria Actinobacillus lignieresii in cattle |
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Actinomycosis |
Lumpy jaw, chronic osteomyelitis caused by actinomyces bovis |
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Oral eosinophillic granuloma |
Cats get this, unknown aetiology but probably immune mediated |
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Calf diptheria |
Fusobacterium necrophorum Oral and laryngeal forms swelling of pharynx, difficulty eating and swallowing Necrotising/abscessation |
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Diptheric membrane |
a false membrane characteristic of diphtheria, formed by coagulation necrosis. Fibrin, necrotic material and secondary bacteril infection |
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Catarrhal exuadate |
Mucus, epithelial cells, neutrophils |
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When do vesicles occur |
Systemic viral infections - calcivrus Autoimmune disease Thermal injury |
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Calcivirus vesicle appearence |
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How do vesicles from |
Cells undergo hydropig degeration Swelling and necrosis occur Leaving a fluid filled space |
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What are bullae |
Coalesced vesicles |
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What are uclers |
Progression of vesicles after rupture to form erosions This usually occurs if ulcers are effected |
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What are erosions |
Sequalae to ruptures ulcer Heal by epithelial regeneration |
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What diseases can cause ulcers |
Feline calcivirus and feline herpesvirus Muscosal disease caused by bovine viral diarrhoea disease virus Immune mediated disease against epithelial surface antigens |
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Name some immune mediated ulcerative diseases |
Pemphigus vulgaris Bullous pemphigoid |
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What causes papular lesions around the mouth |
ORF |
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What are the consequences of orf |
Firm raised papules and pustules on the lips and oral mucosa, hydropic degeneration Mixed inflammatory cell infiltration and secondary bacterial infection |
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What would you see hitologically in papules |
Cytoplasmic inclusions - necrotic ballooning degeneration (proliferative) |
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What would you see in erosion of mucosa lines with stratified squamous epithelium |
Loss of partial thickness of epithelium |
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What would you see with an ulcer of mucosa lined with stratified squamous epithelium? |
Full thickness epithelial defect in which there is loss of the entire epithelium down to or deeper than the BM |
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What would you see with erosion of muscosa lined with simple glandular eptihelium? |
Loss of epithelium and partial thickness of LP |
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What would you see with ulceration of mucosa lined with simple glandular epithelium? |
Full thickness mucosal defect, loss of epithelium and entire LP, sometimes extending into submucosa |
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What do oral papillomas look like |
Cauliflower like lesions on the lips and oral mucosa Thick squamous epithelium overlying branching pedunculated fibrous stroma Benign epithelial tumours |
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What are squamous cell carcinomas |
Malignant epithelial tumours Locally invasive with or without mets May contain keratin pearls Irregular masses of squamous epithelium
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What is the most common oral malignancy in cats |
Squamous cell carcinoma on ventrolateral tongue |
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Papilloma |
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Squamous cell carcinoma |
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Gross melanoma |
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Malignant melanoma |
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Squamous cell carcinoma cat - ventrolateral tongue |
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What is the sequalae of a malignant melanoma |
Amelanotic melanoma when becomes poorly differentiated |
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Epulis |
Benign neoplasms of peridontal origin affecting the gingivae
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What breed is predisposed to epulis |
Boxers and other brachicephalics |
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Epulis - benign tumour of the gingival or alveolar mucosa |
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What are the congenital abnormalities of the oesophagus |
Segmental aplasia Achalasia |
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Segmental aplasia of the oesophagus |
Failure of fusion, ban of fibrous tissue where distal oesophagus should be |
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Achalasia |
Failure of cardiac sphincter to open |
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What are the neuromuscular disorders of the oesophagus |
Mesoesophagus Idiopathic Dysautonomias Myodegeneration |
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What is megaesophagus |
Dilated flaccid oesophagus lacks peristalsis accumulates ingesta due to underlying neuromuscular disorder Lower sphincter usually normal |
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What breeds often have developmental disorders of the vagus nerve and motor nucleus |
Siamese cat Great dane GSD |
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Key gaskell syndrom |
Feline dysautonomia - acquired |
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Where do intraluminal obstructions occur |
Thoracic inlet Base of the hear Cardiac sphincter |
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What can occur as a sequalae to intraluminal obstruction of the oesophagus |
Stricture on healing Ulceration Pressure necrosis Perforation |
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Intramural oesophageal obstruction |
Within the wall e.g. neoplasia, granulation tissue, abscess, fibrosis |
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Extrinsic oesophageal obstruction |
Vascular ring abnormalities, abscesses, haemotomas, neoplasia |
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Causes of oesophagitis |
Reflux, infecitous agents |
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Neoplasms of the oesophagus |
Papillomatosis Squamous cell carcinoma Leiomyoma |
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Contageous pustulart dermatitis Not firm raised papulars and pustules on the lips and oral mucosa |
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What is would you see with orf histologically |
Cytoplasmic inclusions Necrotic ballooning degeneration and proliferation Inflammatory cell infiltration Hydropic degeneration |
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RHS arrow - cytoplasmic inclusions LHS arrow - balooning degeneration |
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Characteristics of an ulcer of stratified squamous mucose |
Full thickness epithelial loss down - to deeper BM |
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Characteristics of an erosion of stratified quamous mucosa |
Loss of partial thickness loss of epithelium |
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What is the characteristic of an ulcer of glandular mucosa |
Full thickenss loss of mucosa, lp and submucosa |
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What is the characteristic of an erosion of an erosion of glandular mucosa |
Loss of epithelium and partial LP |
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What causes this? Bovine papillomavirus type 4 |
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What is this a histology of? What are the eosinophillic components |
Squamous cell carcinoma Keratin pearls |
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What has happened to this malignant melanoma |
It has lost pigment as cells become less differentiated - apigmented melanoma |
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Eulis - dense collagenous tissue covered with stratified squamous epithlium that descends into stroma in cords |
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Achalasia |
Failure of cardiac sphincter to open |
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Megaoesophagus Dilation - lack peristalsis Accumulates ingesta due to NM or obstruction Idiopathic/acquired (neurological or muscular) |
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What caused this |
Foreign body - note that there is also oesophagitis and necrosis (pressure necrosis) |
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WHat may cause this lesion in cattle |
Bovine oesophagitis due to mucosal disease Acute form of BVD in persistantly infected animals |
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What may cause this lesion in the horse? |
Equine grass sickness results in gasto oesophageal reflux - erosion and ulceration of muscosa |
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Intramural |
Within the wall |
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Intraluminal |
within the lumen |
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Extrinsic |
outside the wall |