Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the 4 gross morphology of neoplasms?
|
exophytic
endophytic infiltrating necrosis |
|
what is the histopathology of neoplasms?
|
nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
hyperchromasia consistency of chromatin nucleus (# and size) cell-size variation cells-orientation to one another mitosis |
|
how do malignant neoplasms spread?
|
local infiltration
microinvasion gross invasion metastasis |
|
what is local infiltration?
|
avoid certain structures
intraepithelial (single cells like paget's dz and ovarian cancer |
|
what is microinvasion?
what is gorss invasion? |
when can't see satellite/new/visible location
visible spreading |
|
what is metastasis?
|
local- in one area/surrounding tissue
distant- spread through blood or lymph node |
|
what are the routes of metastasis
|
seeding
iatrogenic transplantation via lymphatics via blood vessels |
|
what are the most common sites of metastasis?
|
lymph nodes
liver lung brain bone |
|
what are the primary sites of carcinomas that commonly go to the bone?
|
breast
prostate kidney thyroid lung |
|
what do renal cell carcinomas destroy?
|
bone-osteolytic
|
|
what do prostatic carcinomas initiate?
|
new bone formation-osteoblastic
|
|
what is angiogenesis?
requirements? |
neoplasms stimulate the growth of host blood vessels
essential for neoplasms to grow beyond 1-2mm D (or thickness) essential for metastasis to occur tumors may exist of months or years w/o growth (when angiogenic switch occurs they grow) |
|
what happens in neoplastic angiogenesis?
|
pro-angiogenic factors secreted by neoplasms (*VEGF, bFGF)
new endothelia also produce IGF and PDGF thrombospondin-1 is an anti-angiogenic factors secreted by neoplasms |
|
in angiogenesis, what are the tumor derived vessels?
|
tortuous
irregularly shaped "leaky" may grow continuously |
|
what is the greatest cancer killer in females worldwide?
|
cervical cancer
|
|
what is the greatest cancer killer in males worldwide?
|
hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
what are the top 3 incidences of malignant neoplasms in the U.S.?
|
prostate/breast
lungs colon/rectum |
|
what are the top 3 causes of cancer deaths in:
females? males? |
lung
breast colon/rectum lung prostate/rectum |
|
what are the 4 types of gross morphology of neoplasms?
|
exophytic (protruding mass)
endophytic (sunken in) infiltrating (diffusely expands organ) necrosis (death w/in a neoplasm) |
|
what is the histopathology of neoplasms?
|
nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
hyperchromasia consistency of chromatin nucleus # nucleus size cell-size variation cells-orientation to one another mitosis |
|
how do malignant neoplasms spread?
|
local infiltration (by avoiding certain structures and intraepithelial)
carcinoma in situ microinvasion gross invasion metastasis (local and distant) |
|
what are the routes of metastasis?
|
seeding
iatrogenic transplantation via lymphatics via blood |
|
what are the most common sites of metastasis?
|
lymph nodes
liver kidney bone lung brain |
|
what are the 7 fundamental changes?
|
self sufficiency in growth signals
insufficiency in growth-inhibiting signals evasion of apoptosis, inactivation of p53 limitless replicative potential sustained angiogenesis ability to invade and metastasize defects in DNA repair |
|
what is angiogenesis?
|
neoplasms stimulate the growth of host blood vessels
|
|
what are the 3 components of neoplastic angiogenesis? the two pro-angiogenic factors?
|
neoplasms secrete proangiogenic factors (VEGF and bFGF)
new endothelia also produce IGF and PDGF anti-angiogenic factors secreted by neoplasms (thrombospondin-1) |
|
what are the tumor-derived vessels in angiogenesis?
|
tortuous
irregularly shaped "leaky" may grow continuously |