Pathology Ii- Liver

Front 1

What % of body weight is the liver in carnivores, omnivores, herbivores?

Back 1

carnivores- 3-4%
omnivores - 2%
herbivores- 1%

Front 2

Enteritis will cause inflammatory cells closer to which vein?

Back 2

portal vein

Front 3

Hypoxia/ heart failure will have degeneration towards which area of the liver?

Back 3

central area

Front 4

O2 decreases as you go from ____ to ____.

Back 4

portal vein to central vein

Front 5

Which zone has the greatest oxygenation?

Back 5

Zone 1- centroacinar (periportal) surrounds portal triads

Front 6

What is zone 2

Back 6

zone 2 is the midlobular area, midzone-intermediate zone.

Front 7

What is zone 3?

Back 7

periacinar (centrilobular) surrounds the central veins

Front 8

how do pathogens get into the liver?

Back 8

hematogenous
retrograde through billiary and pancreatic ducts
direct extension through the liver caspule.

Front 9

What causes atrophy of the liver?

Back 9

increased catabolism, decreased blood flow, decreased bile flow, pressure, in horses: colonic impaction

Front 10

When does the liver regenerate?

Back 10

stimulated by growth factors, 60% of the liver will regenerate in a week.
Intact framework, good blood supply, patent bile ducts.

Front 11

When does nodular regeneration occur?

Back 11

when hepatocytes don't have a reticulin framework, repetitive hepatocellular injury, chronic injury--> fibrosis and impaired blood and bile flow--> Cirrhosis.

Front 12

Why does replacement by fibrosis occur?

Back 12

increased amount of connective tissue within the liver, Ito cells proliferate,
- may be due to ascarid migration-milk spots

Front 13

Why is it important to weigh the liver instead of eyeballing size?

Back 13

Cirrhotic livers may be smaller than normal liver but the nodular regeneration makes it appear bigger. In terms of weight it will be smaller

Front 14

What is cirrhotic liver and why does it occur?

Back 14

Cirrhosis is characterized by nodular regeneration and post-necrotic scarring. Corresponds to end-stage of many chronic liver diseases. The liver is usually much smaller than normal due to collapse of dead tissue being replaced with fibrous connective tissue.

Front 15

Whatis biliary hyperplasia?

Back 15

bile duct proliferation
in a normal histology slide should only see about 2-3 bile ducts present

Front 16

What is a common incidental liver lesion found in horses?

Back 16

capsular fibrosis aka perihepatitis filamentosa

Front 17

What is perihepatitis filamentosa and what species is it normally associated with?

Back 17

Perihepatitis filamentosa is an incedental liver lesion common to horses. Fibrous tracks that look like parasites run across the capsule of the liver and are most likely due to peritonitis and parasites

Front 18

Colonic impaction causes pressure atrophy of what liver lobe and in what species most commonly?

Back 18

right liver lobe of horses

Front 19

A spider-web type lesion typically of the visceral side of the liver is commonly due to?

Back 19

trauma

Front 20

Traumatic injury of the a dog will have what type of liver lesions?

Back 20

multiple linear lacerations of the hepatic capsule

Front 21

Multifocal necrosis of liver parenchyma is usually associated with what type of insult?

Back 21

parasitic, viral, or bacterial- INFECTION

Front 22

What type of zonal degeneration is usually due to hypoxia?

Back 22

Zone three or Centrilobular

Front 23

Piecemeal necrosis is..

Back 23

focal area "bite out of liver parenchyma"

Front 24

Zonal injury to the parcentral zone is usually due to...

Back 24

hypoxia or toxic injury

Front 25

Periportal injury is caused by-

Back 25

toxins

Front 26

Massive liver degeneration and necrosis means...

Back 26

involvement of whole lobule not necessarily severity

Front 27

Massive hepatic necrosis is caused by which disease common to swine?

Back 27

Hepatosis dietica of swine associated with deficiency of vitamin E/Selenium

Front 28

Budd Chiari syndrome is associated with what condition?

Back 28

hepatic vein thrombosis- characterized by hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal pain

Front 29

portosystemic shunts are

Back 29

a bypass of the liver from the portal venous system

Front 30

What is the common result of a PSS?

Back 30

hepatic encephalopathy and ascites
Liver appears smaller due to hepatotrophic facts (insulin, glucogon, amino acids) not reaching liver

Front 31

How can you differentiate an acquired PSS from a congenital PSS?

Back 31

acquired shunts are usually due to chronic portal hypertension, have multiple think walled and torturous blood vessels with EVIDENCE OF LIVER DISEASE. Congenital shunts lead to shrunken liver, hepatocytes.

Front 32

Massive hepatic necrosis is caused by which disease common to swine?

Back 32

Hepatosis dietica of swine associated with deficiency of vitamin E/Selenium

Front 33

What is the common result of a PSS?

Back 33

hepatic encephalopathy and ascites
Liver appears smaller due to hepatotrophic facts (insulin, glucogon, amino acids) not reaching liver

Front 34

How can you differentiate an acquired PSS from a congenital PSS?

Back 34

acquired shunts are usually due to chronic portal hypertension, have multiple think walled and torturous blood vessels with EVIDENCE OF LIVER DISEASE. Congenital shunts lead to shrunken liver, hepatocytes.

Front 35

Budd Chiari syndrome is associated with what condition?

Back 35

hepatic vein thrombosis- characterized by hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal pain

Front 36

portosystemic shunts are

Back 36

a bypass of the liver from the portal venous system

Front 37

What is the common result of a PSS?

Back 37

hepatic encephalopathy and ascites
Liver appears smaller due to hepatotrophic facts (insulin, glucogon, amino acids) not reaching liver

Front 38

How can you differentiate an acquired PSS from a congenital PSS?

Back 38

acquired shunts are usually due to chronic portal hypertension, have multiple think walled and torturous blood vessels with EVIDENCE OF LIVER DISEASE. Congenital shunts lead to shrunken liver, hepatocytes.

Front 39

Telangectasis is

Back 39

presence of focal areas where sinusoids are dilated and filled with blood

Front 40

In what species is telangectasis most common

Back 40

cattle and older cats

Front 41

What are the mechanisms behind hepatic lipidosis

Back 41

excessive entry of fatty acids into the liver (increased intake, increased mobilization -lactation, starvation, endocrine disorders)
Decreased oxidation of fatty acids (abnormal fxn)

Front 42

How does hepatitc acidosis appear grossly?

Back 42

enlarged, heavy, uniform, light yellow/organge liver cuts with ease and greasy with rounded edges and smooth waxy surfacy. Tissue will float in fixative

Front 43

Histologically hepatic lipidosis can be viewed usuing which stain?

Back 43

Red O, marked hepatocellular vaculoation

Front 44

what are physiological conditions associated with hepatic lipidosis

Back 44

late pregnancy, heavy lactation, dietary excess, and fasting animals

Front 45

What are some disease states that contribute to hepatic lipidosis?

Back 45

ketosis, obesity + anorexia, hyperlipemia, endocrine disorders like Diabetes Mellitus or hypothyroidism

Front 46

How does ketosis cause hepatic lipidosis?>

Back 46

excessive fat metabolism leads to ketosis and the added stimulus for fatty acid oxidation may cause accumulation of fat in the liver

Front 47

What is characteristic of Bovine Fatty Liver Syndrome?

Back 47

obese dairy cows off-feed few days following parturition leasds to increased mobilization of adipose tissue and increased fatty acids to liver.

Front 48

What is characteristic of Feline Fatty Liver Syndrome?

Back 48

obese cat with anorexia leads to icteru, hepatic failure, subsuquent hepatic encephalopathy

Front 49

Glycogen accumulation in the liver is caused by these disorders

Back 49

diabetes mellitus
hyperadrenocortisim (steroid induced heaptocpathy)
gylcoegen storage disease

Front 50

How to diagnosis steroid induced hepatopathy?

Back 50

glucocorticoids cause extensive swelling of hepatocytes and increased glycogen synthetase.
Enlarged pale- esp midzonal area
Stain with PAS to differentiate from lipidosis

Front 51

Amyloidosis in the liver is a consequence of

Back 51

anigenic stimulation-chornic infection or repeated inocuation of an antigen

Front 52

Where does amyloidosis accumulate within the liver?

Back 52

Space of Disse

Front 53

What lesions are you likely to see with amyloidosis?

Back 53

atrophy of hepatic cords

Front 54

What stain is used to stain for amyloidosis?

Back 54

Congo red

Front 55

Copper acculuation is a caused by

Back 55

dietary excess (ruminants), grazing on pasture with low molybdenum, heaptic disease, chronic liver disease, hereditary disorders

Front 56

What stain is used for copper?

Back 56

Rhodanine

Front 57

Cholangioehpatitis

Back 57

process started from the ascending infection in GI into billiary system and by ext into the liver causing inflammation.

Front 58

how can you diagnose hepatitis induced by bacterial infection from viral infection?

Back 58

both produce off-white foci of necrosis throughout the liver but bacterial lesions are often smaller an more necrotizing than viral lesions

Front 59

Herpes viral hepatitis is characterized by

Back 59

necrotic hepatocytes containing intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by inflammatory cells

Front 60

Infectious canine hepatitis is often what type of hepatitis?

Back 60

peracute

Front 61

Infectious canine hepatitis causes what clinical signs

Back 61

peracute onset with vomiting, diarrhea, petechia in mucosal surfaces, hemmorhagic diathesis.

Front 62

How does the liver appear grossly in an infection with infectious canine hepatitis

Back 62

enlarged congested friable liver with serosal petechia and ecchymosis and paint-brush hemorrhages.

Front 63

How can you differentiate herpes viral hepatitis from canine infectious hepatitis? (histologically)

Back 63

Herpes induced hepatitis will have an inflammatory response as well as intranuclear inclusion bodies.

ICH- periacinar necrosis, intranuclear basophilic inclusion, endothelial damage, but little inflammation

Front 64

how do livers infected with Theiler's disease present?

Back 64

floppy dishrag appearance

Front 65

Theiler's disease is another name for

Back 65

equine serum hepatitis.

Front 66

Theiler's disease is characterized by:

Back 66

acute lesions that appear older, hepatic encehpalopathy, jaundice due to severe hepatic fatty degeneration and necrosis, cholestasis, mononuclear infilitration and slight fibrosis and regeneration.

Front 67

what bacterial diseases are likely to occur with migration of liver flukes through liver parenchyma?

Back 67

Clostridium haemolyticum and Clostrium novyi (black disease)

Front 68

Tyzzer's disease is caused by which pathogen

Back 68

clostridium pilliforme

Front 69

Tyzzer's diease causes what type of liver injury?

Back 69

multifocal necrotic hepatitis and colitis in foals, calves, kittens and puppies

Front 70

How is leptospirosis affecting the liver?

Back 70

causes jaundice, lesions are often due to ischemic injury following hemolytic anemia. Cholestsis has also been implicated

Front 71

Abscesses in cattle are commonly caused by

Back 71

chemical rumenitis or traumatic reticulitis

Front 72

Granulomatous hepatitis is caused by

Back 72

fungal infections (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis) tuberculosis

Front 73

Fasciola hepatica- where are larva, where are mature

Back 73

larva in liver parenchyma
mature flukes in bile ducts

Front 74

Fascioloides magna- where are larva, where are mature?

Back 74

adults in cysts in liver parenchyma

Front 75

how is blue-green algae hepatoxic

Back 75

microcystin- main toxin
c

Front 76

What lesions are caused by blue-green algae?

Back 76

acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, acute centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis, chronic liver disease in surviviors.

Front 77

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity is found in what species

Back 77

cattle, pigs, horses, goats, sheep

Front 78

what type of lesions are associate with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity?

Back 78

acute periacinar necrosis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, chronic with fibrosis. Portal fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, megalocytosis

Front 79

Alsike clover toxicity can be differentiated from pyrrolizidine toxicty by...

Back 79

aslike clover causes chornic liver disease, bile duct hyperplasia, portal hepatitits but NO MEGALOCYTOSIS

Front 80

How can eating moldy corn cause hepatotoxicity?

Back 80

alfatoxins- B1- carcinogen
acute intoxication- peracinar to massive hepatic lipidosis and necrosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, periportal necrosis in ducklins

Front 81

What toxin is commonly found in rye grass?

Back 81

sporidesmin

Front 82

What lesions are attributed to sporidesmin?

Back 82

toxic to bile duct epithelium. acute to chronic cholangiohepatitis. Photosenization in sheep.

Front 83

What are the clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy?

Back 83

depression, behavioral changes, mania, convulsions

Front 84

what are the causes of hepatic encephalopathy?

Back 84

acute liver disease (horses and ruminatns)
PSS (dogs/ cats)
chronic liver dz

Front 85

What is the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy?

Back 85

blood accumulation of neurotoxic substances bypassing the liver and reaching the brain

Front 86

What causes gallbladder distention

Back 86

fasting (accumulation b/c no food)
Lantana camara toxicosis

Front 87

What are causes of biliary obstruction?

Back 87

cholangitis, parasites or fibrosis, choleithiasis

Front 88

What are sequele to biliary obstruction

Back 88

post hepatic jaundice
hepatic atrophy
biliary fibrosis

Front 89

What causes gallbladder edema?

Back 89

right heart failure, Infectious canine hepatitis

Front 90

inflammation of the gall bladder is called?

Back 90

cholecystitis

Front 91

Fibrinous Cholecystitis is often seen in calves with

Back 91

acute salmonellosis and yersiniosis

Front 92

Hemorrhagic cholecystitis is caused by:

Back 92

salmonellosis in cattle
arsenic toxicosis

Front 93

Gallbladder mucosal hyperplasia is

Back 93

cystic proliferation of the mucus producing glands affects the walls of gallbladder and bile ducts. Seen in old dogs