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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What colour do nuclei stain?
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Blue - Basophillic - Acids
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Acid fast bacteria require
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Ziehn Neelsen
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What does all cell death boil down to?
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Mitochondria disrupted
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What happens when oxidative phosphorylation fails?
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Shift to anerobic, pH will drop.
ATP depletion leads to NaK pump failure. Swelling due to ions. NaCa IN. KMG out |
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Types of degen
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Cloudy swelling
Hydropic change - swelling fatty change |
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What is fatty change?
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Abnormal accumalation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells
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When can fatty change be physiological
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pregnancy
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Aetiology of fatty change
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taxins
protein malnutrition daiabets |
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Examples of dx
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Equine hyperlipaemia
Feline hepatic lipidosis Preg toxemia |
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Triglycerides to fatty a by
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Hydrolysis. Fatty transported as chylomicrons
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Uptake problems with fatty change result of
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Excess fatty a being delivered
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Problems with catabolism
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Decreased utilisation or oxidation of FFA
or damage to Hepetaocytes |
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Problems with ssecretion
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Impaired protein synthesis, apoproteins required for excretion - lipoproteins
lipotrope deficiency |
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Whta stain for fatty liver?
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oil red O
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Why is there a massive influx oc Ca++ during necrosis?
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ATP pump failure
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What does Ca do?
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activates catabolic enzymes
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What are the catabolic enzymes
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Phospholipases
ATPases Proteases Endonucleases |
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What is problem with restoring blood supply>
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reperfusion injury. spreads Ca++ further
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Why does necrosis lead to inflammation?
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Leaking mediators
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Morphological change in necrosis
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Eosinophillic, loss of structure
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Pyknosis is seen in
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Necrosis and apoptosis
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Karylysis is
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Dissolution
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Coagulative necrosis leads to (+/-)
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Caseous (+/-)
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What can cause caseous necrosis?
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TB, caseous lymphadentis
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What are coagulated cells surrounded by in caseous necrosis?
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Granulomatous reaction
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when is coagulation necrosis normally seen?
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Ischemia etc. ?bacterial? involvement not necessary. sometimes toxic
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When is liquefactive necrosis soon?
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Bacterial infections... (may follow coagulative)
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histology of liquefactive necrosis
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Enzyme digestion
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Dry gangrene caused by
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Loss of blood supply. Coagulative necrosis
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Wet grangrne caused by
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bacterial involvement. may be ezymatic liquefaction
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Fat necrosis normally caused by
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release of pancreatic lipases
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When are you likely to get release of pancratic lipases>
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Pancreatitis or pancreatic necrosis.
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What forms the soaps in fat necrosis
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fatty A plus Ca++
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When do cholestrol clefts occur?
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Necrosis and Haemorrage
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What are cholestrol clefts
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Empty spaces left by dissolution of XLLS in histo prepation
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Why do necrotic cells disapear?
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enzymatic digestion followed by phagocytosis of leucocytes
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What are regions of necrosis surrounded by?
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Fibrous tissue
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What is seqreation?
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Passing of isolated masses of necrotic tissue through sinus tract
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If the necrotic regio is on the surface what happens?
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Sloughing
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When do you get dystrophic calcification?
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If necrotic tissue is not removed quickly
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how can you identify PM changes?
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Autolysis, enzymatic digestion but no inflammation
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what is putrefaction?
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invasion by bacteria
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What are the two phases of apoptosis?
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Initiation and execution
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What is activated in the initation phase?
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caspases
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What causes casctivation of caspases?
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Inflam mediators, lack of GFs, mitoc damage, dna damage, t cells
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What is execution phase?
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cell death by caspases
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Define apoptosis
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Genetically determined pathway of cell death via intracellular enzymes that gives rise to biochemical and morphological amrkers
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What happens to the plasma membrane?>
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Will remain intact until end stage but altered so recognised by phagocytes without release of inflam mediators
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How do you detect apoptosis?
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DNA ladders on EP
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INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR
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INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR
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What is purpose of inflammation?
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Detroy dilute or wall off.
bring immune system into contact Start repair |
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Define exudate
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Extra vascular fluid with high protein. SG >1.020
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What is pus
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purulent exudate
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What is transudate
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Extravascular fluid with low protein
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Define Oedema
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Excess fluid in interstitial or serous cavities
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Define cytokines
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Protein soluble factors that are released from a cell that affect the same or another cell leading to altered function. such as interleukins
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Define chemokines
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Chemoattractant cytokines.
Induce to move up gradient |
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Define chemotaxis
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Emigration of WBCs towards site of injury
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Define acute inflam
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Rapid response to injurous agent
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What is delived to site?
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WBCS. Proteins and fluid
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What are 2 vascular changes in acute inflammation?
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Hyperemia
Increased permeability |
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Give examples of mediators that can induce vasodilation
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Prostaglandins
histamines NO HEAT AND REDNESS! |
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Why is there increased permeability?
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Direct damage
neutrophils activated mediators WBCs leave actively |
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What proteins are included in oedema?
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Clotting
Fibrinolytic complement kinins |
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Why does endothelium leak?
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Endothelium contraction
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What is process of endothelium contraction?
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vasoactiv emediators signalling phophorylation of cytoskeleton and contractile proteins
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When does the endothelium detach?
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Direct injury, necrosis or due to neutrophils
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Why do WBC cause leaky vasculature?
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release of ROI damaging endothelium.
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New vessels are...
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leaky
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Why does capillary pressure increase?
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increased flow
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Why does collooid osmotic pressure decrease?
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protein leakage
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What is the end result of the coagulation cascade?
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fibrin
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What are the two pathways of the coagulation cascade?
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intrinsic
extrinsic |
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How is the intrinsic pathway activated?
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exposur eof BM -ve charge
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How is extrinsinc pathway actived?
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tissue factors released from activeated endothelium
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What will fill cavities in acute inflammation?
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Fibrin from coag
thombus platelets |
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What does the fibrin clot do?
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provide matrix for repair
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Odema will
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dilute toxins, delived ABs and enzymes
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Activated endothelium will
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express adhesion molecules to bind WBCs
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Slowed blood flow allows
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margination of WBCs
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CELLULAR EVENTS IN ACUTE INFLAMM
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CELLULAR EVENTS IN ACUTE INFLAMM
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Neutrophils are
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phagocytic and can release granules
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Eosinophils are important because
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parasitic infection and hypersensitivity
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What cells are basophils similair to?
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Mast cells
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What do basophil granules contain?
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Histamine and heparin
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What receptors do basophils have?
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IgE
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What do IgE coat?
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pollen, paraites etc by x linking.
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Activation of ige in basophils will cause
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degranulation
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Which cells are resident in cells?
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Macrophages and mast cells
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What do mast cells release?
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Histamine, many cytokines
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What do mast cells have a major response in?
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activation of vascular and cellular responses (acute inflammation)
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mast cells have a high affinity receptors for
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IgE
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When do monocytes differentiate?>
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when enter tissues
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What immune system are macrophages part of?
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innune immune
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What do macrophages release?
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Cytokines
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What role do macrophages have inthe adaptive immune response?
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APCs
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General path stuff here is rubbish... immunology book better
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General path stuff here is rubbish... immunology book better
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Activating Wbc will allow
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Extravasation
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What is the sequence if events of wbc activation?
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Margination
Tethering and rolling Adhesion (pavementing) Emigration/diapediesis Chemotaxis |
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In normal flow where are the wbc?
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Margin
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Margination can occur in blood
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Stasis and loss of laminarflow
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