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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Q. Lung: chronic failure of left ventricle is an impediment of what, and increases what?
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Impediment of blood from the lungs to exit.
Increased pressure in the alveolar capillaries |
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Q. What happens to erythrocytes when Microhemorrhage into the alveolar space occurs? Leads to what?
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Erythrocytes are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages. Leading to hemosiderin inside macrophages
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Q. Pulmonary edema occurs in chronic failure of left ventricle because?
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Because of the increased hydrostatic pressure inside the blood capillaries
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Q. Fibrosis of the interstitial space in chronic failure of left ventricle occurs because?
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Increased hydrostatic pressure and other factors. “Brown Induration”
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Q. Chronic failure of the right ventricle increases what two things?
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1. Increased venous pressure to the liver.
2. Increased hydrostatic pressure to the central veins of the lobule |
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Q. Chronic failure of the right heart will cause dilation and atrophy of what?
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Dilatation of sinusoids.
Atrophy of centrilobular hepatocytes. |
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Q. Nutmeg liver?
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Chronic congestion of the liver
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Q. Spleen: Increased portal vein pressure will cause what to the heart?
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Right failure of the heart.
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Q. Ascites?
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Fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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Q. Left side heart failure presents with what 2 things?
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Dyspnea & Edema
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Q. Right-side heart failure presents with?
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Ascites
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Q. Arterial thrombosis is commonly caused by?
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Atherosclerosis
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Q. In primary hypercoagulibilty what do we see?
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Mutation in factor 5 gene, and inheritance patterns
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Q. In secondary hypercoagulibility what do we see?
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Cardiac failure trauma, oral contrceptives, older age, smoking, more external factors.
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Q. 2 Common sites of hypercoagulability?
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Coronary Arteries, cerebral arteries
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Q. Infarct?
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Ischemic necrosis of a tissue
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Q. Mural thrombosis?
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Thrombi attached to the endocardium of a cardiac chamber
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Q. Where does 90% of venous thrombosis occur?
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Deep veins of the legs
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Q. What are 2 outcomes of deep vein thrombosis?
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Lysis and embolization-pulmonary emboli
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Q. 90% of pulmonary embolism comes from what?
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Deep vein thrombosis
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Q. Tachypnea?
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rapid breathing
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Q. Dyspnea?
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difficulty breathing
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Q. What 5 symptoms would you see in Pulmonary infarction?
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1. Chest pain
2. Hemoptysis 3. Dyspnea, 4. Cough, 5. Pleural effusion |
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Q. What symptoms would you see is Massive pulmonary embolism (MPE)?
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Cardiovascular collapse with sudden death
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Q. What are 3 sites of thrombosis?
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1. Bifurcation of pulmonary artery (saddle embolus)
2. Left or right pulmonary artery 3. Primary or secondary branches. If ½ of pulmonary arterial tree is obstructed--> shock --> death |
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Q. Air embolism is caused by what 3 things?
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1. Quantities of 100 ml or more of gas are lethal
2. Neck wounds 3. puncture of great veins |
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Q. During descentcwhat happens?
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Large amounts of gas are dissolved in body fluids
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Q. During ascent what happens?
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If it is too rapid, gas bubbles form in circulation, obstructing blood flow and directly injuring the cells.
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Q. Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE)?
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Rare complication of child birth
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Q. Fat embolism occurs when?
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After bone fractures when emboli of fatty marrow enter into damaged blood vessels
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Q. Local edema is caused by what 3 things?
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Inflammation
1. Burns 2. Venous and lymphatic 3. Obstruction |
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Q. Generalized edema is caused by what 3 things?
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1. Heart failure
2. Nephrotic syndrome 3. Cirrhosis of the liver |
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Q. Cardiogenic shock?
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Characterized by failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs
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Q. Common cause of septic shock?
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Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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Q. What is Diptheria?
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a necrotizing upper RT infection sometimes associated with cardiac and neurologic disturbances
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Q. What is the cause of diptheria? What is the pathology of diptheria?
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1. Corynebacterium Diphtheriae (gram-positive).
2. Presence of thick, gray, leathery membranes that line the affected respiratory passages. Demyelination of the peripheral nerves. |
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Q. What is Pertussis? What is the cause of pertussis?
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1. Prolonged upper RT infection, characterized by debilitating coughing paroxisms.
2. Bordetella Pertussis (gram-negative coccobacillus) |
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Q. What is the pathology of pertussis?
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Acute respiratory inflammation
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Q. Acute, suppurative infection of the genital tract reflected as urethritis in men and endocervicitis in women?
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Gonnereah
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Q. What are 3 pathologies of Gonorrhea?
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1. Endometritis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease.
2. Conjunctivitis in the neonates, blindness in undeveloped countries. 3. Pus in the urethra (urethritis and prostatitis) and submucosal abscesses |
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Q. It is the common cause of suppurative infections of skin, bones, joints, infective endocarditis?
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S. Aureus
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Q. What are 3 clinicial features of S. Aureus?
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1. Furuncles (boils) and styes
2. Carbuncles 3. Scalded skin syndrome (bullous eruption) |
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Q. What is clostridia caused by?
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Ingestion of food containing large numbers of Clostridium perfringens
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Q. What is the pathology of Clostridia?
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Infarction of intestinal mucosa, edema and hemorrhage, and suppurative transmural infiltrate
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Q. A necrotizing, gas-forming infection that begins in the contaminated wounds and spreads to the adjacent tissues?
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Gas Gangrene
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Q. What is the bacterial cause of gas gangrene? What is the pathology of gas gangrene?
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1. C. perfringens
2. Muscles become necrotic and may even liquefy. Edema and gas expand the soft tissue. |
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Q. A severe, acute neurologic syndrome caused by tetanus toxin and characterized by spastic contractions of skeletal muscles?
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Tetanus
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Q. What is the pathology of tetanus?
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The toxin is transported to the peripheral nerves and through the axon to the anterior horn cells of spinal cord. The toxin blocks synaptic inhibition and the accumulation of acetylcholine in damaged synapses leads to tetany.
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Q. A paralyzing illness that follows the ingestion of food containing the preformed neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum?
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Botulism
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Q. What is the pathology of botulism?
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Tthe neurotoxin is absorbed from the intestines and reaches the neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. It results in a flaccid paralysis of cranial nerves (Diplopia, xerostomia, dysphagia, dysphonia), trunk and limbs, respiratory paralysis, and death
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Q. A zoonotic disease that may present as an acute systemic disease or as a chronic infection?
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Brucellosis
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Q. What is the pathology of Brucellosis?
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Bacteria reaches liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, where they multiply in macrophages, hyperplasia noncaseating granulomas, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly
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Q. Complications seen in Bucellosis?
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Spondylitis, Suppuration of large joints, neuritis, meningitis, orchitis, endocarditis, etc
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Q. Isect-borne, zoonotic infection, which causes a systemic infection, characterized by acute manifestations and delayed cardiac and gastrointestinal dysfunctions?
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Chagas Disease
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Q. What is the reservoir of chagas disease? What is the pathology of Chagas Disease?
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Wild or domestic animals.
Chronic myocarditis, MEGAESOPHAGUS: destruction of parasympathetic ganglion cells in lower organ. MEGACOLON: destruction of myenteric plexus of colon. |
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Q. Chronic systemic infection which begins with a characteristic skin lesion and later manifests as cardiac, neurologic, or joint disturbances?
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Lyme Disease
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Q. What is the bacterial infection of lyme disease? What is the reservoir of lyme disease?
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1. Borrelia burgdorferi.
2. Mice, deer |
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Q. What is the pathology of lyme disease?
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Stage 1: erythema chronicum migran. Bullseye.
Stage 2: musculoskeletal pains and cardiac Stage 3: severe arthritis of large joints |
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Q. An acute, febrile, granulomatous disease? What is the bacterial infection of Tularemia?
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Tularemia
Franciscella tularensis |
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Q. What are 2 pathologies of tularemia?
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Disseminated ulcerations are surrounded by granulomatous reaction.
Large lymph nodes which undergo necrosis and suppuration |
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Q. A chronic, sexually transmitted, systemic infection?
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Syphillis
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Q. What is the bacterial cause of syphillis? Primary syphillis? Secondary Syphillis? Tertiary Syphilis?
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Treponema Pallidum
1. Chancre: an ulcer 2. Rash on the trunk, extremities, palms and soles 3. Brain and heart |
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Q. Is the most common opportunistic pathogen?
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Candida
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Q. Candida can cause what 2 things?
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Intertrigo: chafing of skin between folds (e.g. between fingers).
Paronychia: may detach nail from nail bed |
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Q. A systemic mycosis that involves lungs and meninges of persons with impaired cell-mediated immunity?
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Cryptococcosis
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Q. Pathology of Cryptococcosis?
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IN THE LUNGS: affected alveoli are distended by clusters of microorganisms and minimal inflammation
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Q. A systemic mycosis, acute, self-limited and located in the lungs?
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Histoplasmosis.
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Q. Pathology of Histoplasmosis?
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Infection is localized, resulting in Histoplasma granulomas with a thick fibrous capsule that eventually calcifies.
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Q. A chronic, necrotizing mycotic infection that clinically involves the lungs and regional lymph nodes?
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Coccidioidomycosis
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Q. Coccidioidomycosis 2 pathologies?
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1. Acute, self-limited infection.
2. Disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. |
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Q. A chronic granulomatous and suppurative disease of the lungs that disseminates to skin, bone, and other areas?
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Blastomycosis
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Q. Blastomycosis pathology?
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Lesions may range from neutrophilic abscesses to epithelioid granulomas
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Q. Pathology of Malaria
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Spleen and liver are enlarged because of hyperplasia of RES. Capillaries of organs are obstructed.
Brain: congestion and thrombosis of small blood vessels, ruined by edema and hemorrhage Kidney: hemoglobinuric nephrosis |
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Q. Von Willebrand factor (vWF) ?
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That becomes expressed on the platelet surface when platelets are stimulated by a variety of agonists. Maximal platelet-vWF expression occurs in concert with platelet alpha-granule secretion
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Q. It results from non-dysjunction and is characterized by morphologic abnormalities and mental retardation?
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Down Syndrome
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Q. What are the effects on the heart in down syndrome?
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Ventricular and atrial septal defects
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Q. Complete or partial monosomy of the X chromosome in a phenotypic female. 50% display mosaics or isochromosome of long arm, translocations, deletions?
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Turner Syndrome
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Q. What is the pathology of turner syndrome?
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Sexual infantilism, primary amenorrhea, sterility
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Q. (47, XXY)- also known as testicular dysgenesis, characterized by male hypogonadism and infertility?
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Klinfelter SYndrome
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Q. Klinefelter Syndrome pathology?
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After puberty, testes do not respond to gonadotropins
Regressive alteration of testes; atrophy of seminiferous tubules; germ cells and sertoli cells are absent; increased LH and FSH |
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Q. What is the most vulnerable target for radiation?
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DNA
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Q. What is gout?
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Uric acid is increased. Would increase due to lots of red meat and alcohol.
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Q. Stratified squamous epithelium keratinizes and keratin debris block sweat and tear glands this is called squamous metaplasia
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Pathology of the lack of Vitamin A
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Q. What is a complication you will see with lack of vitamin A?
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Diminished vision in the night
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Q. What is a usual cause of vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency? What are 5 symptoms seen in thiamine deficiency?
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Polished white Rice.
1. Dry Beri Beri (demylenation of nerves) 2. Wet Beri Beri(Edema & Cardiac failure) 3. Wernicke Syndrome (dementia) 4. Korsakoff Syndrome |
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Q. Which substances are used to synthesize NAD & NADP?
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Niacin. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
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Q. Niacin Deficiency?
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Pellagra
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Q. What is important for the synthesis of FAD? What 4 things is it useful for?
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Riboflavin.
1. Cheilosis (fissures in the skin in the angles of the mouth) 2. Seborrheic dermatitis - inflammation of the skin with a greasy scaling appearance 3. Interstitial keratitis of the cornea -- opacification of cornea -- ulcerations 4. Irritability and convulsions in infants |
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Q. Deficiency of Vitamin B12 can result in what 2 things?
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1. Pernicious anemia
2. Subacute degeneration of spinal cord - sensory motor neuropathy |
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Q. What 2 things do we see in the deficiency of FOlic Acid?
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1. Megaloblastic anemia
2. Folate deficiency occurs in |
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Q. Deficiency in Vitamin C results in?
What 2 clinical formations can it lead to? |
Scurvy.
1. leads to formation of abnormal collagen that lacks tensile strength. 2. Impaired function of osteoblasts. |
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Q. Lack of Vitamin D in adults?
Lack of Vitamin D in Children? |
1. Adults: Osteomalacia
2. Children: Rickets |
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Q. Vitamin E uses?
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Antioxidant
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Q. What symptoms do we see in patients with a deficiency in vitamin K? What are 2 theraputic uses?
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Bleeding because of the lack of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X.
1. Prevents osteoporosis 2. Prevents Hemorrhage in newborn |
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Q. Mycardial Infarction definition?
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Failure of myocardial pump owing to intrinsic myocardial damage, extrinsic pressure, or obstruction to outflow.
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Q. Hypovolemic Hemorrhage definition? What is the number 1 cause of hypovelemic shock?
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Inadequate blood or plasma volume.
Hemorrhage |
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Q. Septic Overwhelming microbial infections definition?
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Peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood; endothelial activation/injury; leukocyte-induced damage; disseminated intravascular coagulation; activation of cytokine cascades
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Q. What is the common cause of septic shock?
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Gram negative bacterial infection
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