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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acessory breast tissue can often be found inwhat two locations
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anterolaterla chest wall and axillary fossa
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describe the embryologic development of supernumerary nipples/breast
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result from persistence of epidermal thickenings along the milk line extending from the axilla to the perineum both below the adult breast and above it in the anterior axillary fold
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the pathogensis of acute mastitis
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during the early weeks of nursing the breast is rendered vulnerable to bacterial infection by the development of cracks and fissures in the nipples
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the two most common etiologic agents of acute mastitis
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from the portal of entry staphylococcus aureus usually or streptococci less commonly invade the breast substance
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fat necrosis of breast
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focal necrosis of fat tissue in the breast followed by inflammatory reaction that tends to occur as an isoloated sharply localized process in one breast
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major clincal signifgance of fat necrosis of the breast
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it is commonly confused for tumor when fibrosis has created a clincially palpable mass or focal calcification seen on mammography
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pathogensis of fibrocystic changes of the breast
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hormonal imbalances are considered to be basic to development of this disorder excess estrogens deficiency progesterone.
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what are the three dominant patterns of morphologic change seen in fibrocystic condition
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cyst formation, often with apocrine metaplasia, fibrosis and adenosis
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a blue dome cysete of the breast is associated with
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fibrocystic changes
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fibrocystic changes do or do not elevate the risk of developing cancer
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they do not, increased risk of developing cancer is assocaited with proliferative breast disease including epithelial hperplasia, sclerosing adenosis and small duct pap
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atypical ductal hyperplasia
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recognized by its histologic resemblance to ductal carcinoma in situ the cells are not completely monomorphic in type or fail to competely fill ductal spaces
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atypical lobular hyperplasia
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proliferation of a population of cells that resemble those of lobular carcinoma in situ but do not fill or distend more then 50% of lobule
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the most common benign tumor of the breast
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fibroadenoma
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fibroadenoma of the breast
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grows as a spherical nodule that sharlpy circumscribed and freely moveable from the surrounding breast substance
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when fibroadenomas becomes signifcantly larger it is known as
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giant fibroadenoma
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what tumor is similar to fibroadenoma but often occures in 6th decade of life
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Phyllodes tumor
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papillomas of the breast are most frequently found in the
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principal lactiferous ducts or sinuses
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papillomas of the breat usually present with
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unilateral serous of bloddy nipple discharge, small palpable masses, mammographic densities
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etiology and incidence of breast carcinoma
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1 in 9 women is US, 1/3 will succumb to the disease, it is rarely found before 25yrs
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what are the classifications of carcinoma of the breast
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noninvasive or in situ carcinoma and invasive carcinoma
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carcinoma occurs mainly in which breast and what breast quadrants
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Left breast and upper outer quandrant
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name the 5 architectural subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ
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comedocarcinoma, solid, cribiform, papillary and micropapillary
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list the clinical features of medullary carcinoma of the breast
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occurs in younger than average women, accounts for 13% of cancers in women carrying BRCA 1 gene
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which stains can be used to identify Paget Cells in Paget disease of the breast
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Epithelial membrane antigen, c-erb-B2, low molecular weight keratins
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inflammatory carcinoma of the breast is a special variant of
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Invasive carcinoma of the breast
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inflammatory carcinoma of the breast is clinically manifested by
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acute swelling, redness and tenderness
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what is the cause of peau d'orange appearance of the skin in carcinoma of the breast
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lymphatics may become so invovled as to block the local area of skin drainage and cause lymphedema and thickening of the skin
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the most common route for metastases of carcinoma of the breast is
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Lymphohematgoenous route
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what are the various agents used in conjunction with surgery to treat breast cancer
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local and regional control using combos of postoperative irradiation, systemic control using hormone therapy or chemotherapy and or both
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describe the significance of the presence of hormone receptors in breast cancers
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50-80% of tumors exhibit estrogen receptors and such tumors are more commonly found in postmenopausal women
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discuss varies malignancies of the breast
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malignant neoplasia may arise from skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair shafts. the most common nonmammary metastases are from melanomas and lung cancer
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describe the pathogensis of gynecomastia of the breast including some of the major clinical conditions where it occurs
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gynoecomastia may occur as a result of imbalance between estrogens which stimulate breast tissue and androgens which counteract these effects
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