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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List the classifications of Otitis Media
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Acute otits - <3 weeks inflammation of the middle ear
Serous otitis media - effusion, bubbles in tympanic membrane Chronic supprative otitis Media - perforated tympanic membrane with persistent drainage from the middle ear. |
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Describe pathogenesis of Meniere's Disease
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Disorder of the inner ear affecting hearing and balance - presenting with recurrent vertigo, deafness, tinnitus
increased volume and pressure of endolymph of ear |
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Meniere's diease signs and symptoms
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Nystagmus - pupils zig-zagging
Vertigo with vomiting Deafness unilateral/bilateral progressing from low frequencies onwards Tinnitus (fullness/pressure) |
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Differentials for Menieres disease
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Vestibular neurionitis tumor of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Positional vertigo, viral meningitis, migraine, MS, Neurosyphilis, Otitis Media
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Management of Meniere's Disaeae
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Treatment aim to lower pressure of inner ear (vestibular sedatives)
Low salt diet avoid caffeine betahistidine to relieve vertigo |
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List clinical features of bronchitis and following complications
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coughing, putum, chest tightness, wheezing, breathlessness
FOLLOWS ACUTE CORYZA bronchopneumonia, bronchial asthma, respiratory failure |
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Aetiology of tracheal obstruction and clinical features
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Allergies, Foreign bodies, Throat cancers, external tumors, inflammation
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What is influenza?
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A specific acute illness caused by influenza A or B (mixoviruses)
Incubation period is approx 24-48 hrs. Sudden onset. Fever may last 1-5 days and associated symptoms, day2-4 ppl most infectious. |
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Complications of influenza
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Pneumonia
Encephalitis bronchitis, sinus infections, ear infections, toxic cardiomyopathy |
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What is the common cold?
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Acute coryza a contagious infection of the URT involving nasal mucosa. Viral or bacterial mainly rhinoviruses. Sudden onset. Rapid progress, sneezing, sore throat, blocked nose, watery discharge
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Complications from the common cold?
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Sinusitis, LRT infection, otitis media, impaired hearing
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Describe allergic rhinitis
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Acute seasonal or perrinal disorder with episodes of nasal congestion, watery discharge, sneezing, inflammation of lining of nose (IgE)
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Describe acute laryngitis
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Acute inflammation of vocal chords (often complication of AC)
Dry sore throat, pain speaking, painful cough, stridor, loss of voice |
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List aetiology of chronic laryngitis
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Recurrent acute laryngitis, overuse of voice, dust, smoke, chronic infection of nasal sinuses, mouth breathing due to nasal obstruction
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What is Epigloitis
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Inflammation of the epiglottis,
Sore throat rapidly leading to stridor/cough WITHOUT hoarseness Complications due to epigloitis spams causing death - thus avoid using spatula in examination |
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Aetiology of Epigloitis
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In adults, the most common organisms that cause acute epiglottitis are Haemophilus influenzae (25%), followed by H parainfluenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and group A streptococci
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What is Croup?
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A barking cough due to inflammation of trachea, larynx and extend to bronchi - effects children <6YO
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Blepharitis
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Inflammation of the margins of eyelids. (staphylococcus or seborrhoeic dermatitis)
irritation, redness, crusting, soreness Often assoc. w conjuctivits, chalzion, dandruff, dry, eye & trichialis |
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Keratitis & Iritis
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Infection of the cornea - bacterial or viral
Iritis is infection of the iris Redness, pain,, watery eyes, photophpbia, blurring-reduced vision, redness at cornea and a small pupil |
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Challazion
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A lump on the eyelid caused by inflammation of the gland - center of eye - grows over days-wks. Red, painful, photophobia, increased tearing
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Xanthelasema is associated with...
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High cholesterol (specifically familial hypercholestroemia) primary billart cirrohosis, menopause, diabetes
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Molluscum
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Viral infection, often sexually transmitted effecting, cheeks, skin, mucous membrane, genitalia - scratching leads to further infection
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Glaucoma
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Raised intraoccular pressure, optic disc cupping and loss of visual field.
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Anemia
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Anaemia is defined as a state in which there is decrease in the level of haemoglobin in the blood
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Megaloblastic anemias
MACROCYTIC |
B12 - pernicious anemia due to low/no IF
B9 - DNA manufacture is halted nucleus ejected after increase in size |
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Microcytic anemia
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Decreased Hb content with RBC and is often assoc. with MCH (mean corpuscular haemoglobin
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Thalasemia
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Microcytic Hypochromic anaemia in which inherited defective genes for alpha and beta chains of Globin give rise to imbalanced globin chain production, precipitation of Globin chains within RBC precursors and haemolysis. This leads to formation of abnormal haemoglobin molecules with less affinity for oxygen.
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Beta thalassemia
homozygous |
Can be minor or Major. Excess of alpha chains combine with whatever beta (β), delta (δ) or gamma (γ) chains are produced resulting into HbA2, HbF, HbA
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Alpha thalassemia
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Often caused by gene deletion on one or both chromosomes. If all 4 genes deleted
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HbF
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hemoglobin F (fetal), composed of 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains
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What is HbA2 composed of?
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hemoglobin A2, composed of 2 alpha chains and 2 delta chains.
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Minor thalassemia blood results
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Asymptomatic with low MCV and MCH Iron and ferretin is normal
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