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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anemias
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classified by thier cause or by the changes that affect the size, shap, or substance of the RBC
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aniocytosis
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anemia where is assumes various sizes
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poikilocytosis
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anemia that assumes various shapes
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hypoxemia
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reduced oxygen in the blood
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hemolysis
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red cell destruction
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macrocytic anemia
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a result of ineffective RBC DNA syntesis caused by b12 def or folic acid def.
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pernicous anemia
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megaloblastic anemia cause by b12 def.
-patho--absence of intrinsic factor (IF) CM--develops slowly over 20-30 yrs. classic symptoms beefy red tounge sallow skin Ev--based on gastric biopsy, bone marrow, and schilling test (determines balamin absorbtion) |
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Intrinsic factor
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enzyme required for gastric absorption of B12
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folate def anemia
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vitamin reguired for RNA and DNA syns. w/in RBC
Does not require any other element from the upper small intestine |
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microcytic hypochromic anemias
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abnormally small RBC that contain reduced amounts of hemoglobin
-iron def. -porphyrin and heme syn. -disorders of globin syn. -*iron def an. -*sideroblastic an. -*thalassemia |
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Iron def. anem.
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can include indv. in poverty , women in childbearing age, and children
-patho-- blood loss of 2-4ml a day, menorahgia in females, and meds, stomach surgery, lack of iron in diet, and pica. CM-fatigue, weakness, page ear lobes and palms. Koilonychia-spoon shaped fingers. Diff. swalowing -Ev--Test to measure serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, or total iron biding capacity.Indicator of heme sythesis is amoutn of freeRBC protoporphyrin w/ in RBC |
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Sideroblastic anemia
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caused by ineffecient iron uptake resulting in abnormal hemoglobin syn. SA is characterised by the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow.
-patho--primary disorders have no know cause (idiopathic) or assoc. w/ other myeloproliferative or myelpoplastic disorders. Reversible SA are secondary to varous conditions such as alc. drugs, copper def., hypothermia. CM- Skin becomes abnormally bronze tinted. Ev- pyroxidine therapy helps 1/3. No response blood transfusion |
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Normocytic-normochromic anemias
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characterized by RBC that are normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficnent in number
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polycythemia
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too much rbc production
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relative polycythemia
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results from hemoconcentration of the blood assoc. w/ dehydration
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absolute polycythemia
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secondary= erythropoetin secretion from hypoxia
people live in high altitudes increased blood CO levels |
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polycythemia vera
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chronic overproduction of RBC accomplanied by slenolgaly.
-Hypercellularity of bone marrow -patho=abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells and self desturcive expansion of red cells -CM= blood viscosisty, hypercagulable, cloggin and occlusio of blood vessels, plethora of skin, raynaud phenomeon, auagenic puritus -EV= increase in red cells, RBC seem normal but aniocytosis is present. Treat w/ phlebotomy |
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shift to the right reaction
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return to normal
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shift to the left reaction
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premature release of immature cells
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Infectious mononucleosis
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acute infection of B cells w/ epstein barr virus
trans. from saliva the production of B and T cells and removal of dead tissue causes tissue damage -CM= enlargement of spleen and liver -EV=treat w/ penicillin not ampicillin bc amp. causes rash, steriods used in severe cases |
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Leukemia
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disorder of blood forming organs. Has an uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes causing overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production of hematopeic cells. Classified by undifferentiated or immature cells (blast cells)
-Patho= genetic abberations, risk factors are env. factors |
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acute leukemia
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85% B 15 % T cells
-CM= bone marrow depression, petechia (purp. spots), ecchmosis (bruise), heavy menst. bleeding, liver spleen and lymp node enlargemnt (more so than in CML) -Ev=blood tests and evaluate bone marrow. Bone marrow transplant. Allopurinol used to prevent gout |
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Chronic Leukemia
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well diff. and can be readily identified. Longer life expantancy than ALL
-Patho and CM= LIver enlargemnt, phildelphia chromosome, lack of atopoisis (makes it chronic), supression of anitbody production is the most significant effect in CLL -EV= bone marrow transplant and chemo. Splenectomy |
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Lymphadenopathy
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enlarged lymph nodes caused by proliferation of lymphocytes and monocytes or invastion of malignant cells
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malignant lymphomas
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diverse group of neoplasms that develop from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphatic system
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hogdkin lymphoma
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pregression of one group of lymp nodes to another and the development of systemic symptoms. Have the presence of reed sternberg cells (respresents the malignant trans. of lymph cells, and secrete cytokines that result in acc. of infl. cells which cause local and sys. response.
-CM= enlargned painless lymphnode in the neck. Itchy skin (puritis). Coswold staging to establish a prognosis -EV= lymph node biopsy w/ scattered RS cells. Treat w/ irradiation and chemotherapy |
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non hogdkin lymphoma
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reclassified in the who/real schem into b cell lymphomas. Lack of RS cells
-Patho= mutation of cell genes from abberant cells. Risk factors are family history, hiv, hep c, H. Baceter pylori -CM= cerivical, axillary, inguinal, and femoral chains most affected sites. Abdomial fullness, back pain and ascites (fluid in the perotineal cavity. -EV= chemo, rad. thrapy, stem cell trans. Rituximab depletes most B cells and allows the replenishing of normal B cells from the lympoid stem cells pool. |
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platlet counts
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thrombopenia- below150,000
100,000 need to worry 50,00 risk of hemorhage 10, 000 spontaneous bleeding 400,000 thrmobothemia >1 mil have symptoms 600,000 primary themia |
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virchow triad
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1.jury to blood vessel enothelium
2.abnormal blood flow 3.hypercoagulability |