Patho Test 3

Front 1

Upper airways

Back 1

Nose, orophaynx, larynx

Hint 1

NOL

Front 2

Lower airway

Back 2

Below larynx

Hint 2

Bl

Front 3

LAYERS OF AIRWAY

Back 3

1. Epithelium 2. Smooth muscle 3.Connective tissue

Front 4

Gas exchange units

Back 4

ALVEOLUS , PULMONARY CAPILLARY NETWORK SURROUNDS THE ALVEOLI

Hint 4

Pc

Front 5

Alveolus

Back 5

Primary gas exchange unit

THIN WALLED. Of epithelial cell layer and thin, elastic basement membrane

Front 6

Type 1 alveolar epithelial cell-aka (pneumocytes)

Back 6

Extremely thin and provide surface for gas exchange. Covers 90 to 95% of alveolar surface

Hint 6

Part of alveolus

Front 7

Type 2 alveolar epithelial cell

Back 7

SURFACTANT PRODUCTION. Lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the ALVEOLI.

B. Lowers alveolar surface tension and prevents collapse at end expiration.

Capable of cell division. Type 1and 2 cell replacement

Hint 7

4 things

Front 8

Pulmonary CAPILLARY NETWORK SURROUNDS THE alveoli

Back 8

Endothelial cells with thin badement membrane. Often fuse with basement membrane of alveolus

Front 9

Alveolocapilary membrane

Back 9

Very thin, but surface area 70 to 10 ..will cover half a tennis court, if spread out.

Very little desperation between gas in the alveolus and blood in the CAPILLARY.

Easily damaged

Hint 9

Vvc

Front 10

Ventilation

Back 10

Movement of air between the atmosphere and ALVEOLI

Hint 10

Air

Front 11

Diffusion

Back 11

Movement of gases across a membrane..aka..gas exchange....difusing process ALVEOLI, CAPILLARY, membrane...o2 to co2...

Hint 11

Gas exhange, passive transport

Front 12

Diffusion of oxygen from ALVEOLI to capillary

Back 12

Down it concentration gradient from high PAO2 to lower PaO2....pressure gradient..how much gas, air we breathe

Front 13

Diffusion at the tissues across the capillary wall

Back 13

Oxygen unloaded down it's concentration gradient from blood-( measure of partial pressure. ) goes To tissues.

Co2 picked up moving from high concentration in tissue to low concentration in blood...mitocobdria produce co2 by product of apt production

Diffusion of c02 from pulmonary capillary network

Hint 13

Ocd

Front 14

Perfusion

Back 14

Flow of blood through the pulmonary capillary network

Front 15

Pulmonary circulation (perfusion)

Back 15

Pulmonery arteries brings deoxygenated blood to lung from right heart

Pulmonary veins. Brings oxygenated blood from lungs back to left heart

Hint 15

Pv, pa

Front 16

Bronchial circulation ( perfusion)

Back 16

Arterial branch..oxgenated blood to conducting airways, nerves, lymph node, pleura

Venous branch. Brings deoxygenated blood back to systemic system or pulmonary veins

Front 17

Regulation of flow in response to local factors..perfusion

Back 17

Decrease PAO2 to hypoxic pulmonary vasconstriction ....send good blood to alveli to pick up 02.send blood to where concentration gradient is better.

Front 18

Regulation of flow don't. Acidosis

Back 18

Vasoconstriction....need more blood and oxygen

Front 19

Reg of flow. MEDIATORS

Back 19

Vasodilators (more blood)and vasoconstrictors(less blood)

Front 20

Regulation of flow physiologic effect

Back 20

Diverts blood to area of the lung with more adequate ventilation.

Can affect more than one area of the entire lung.....opposite of system circulation

Front 21

Regulation of flow (Pathophisiologic)

Back 21

Pulmonary hypertension

Front 22

Perfusion 3 part

Back 22

Pulmonary circulation

Bronchial circulation

Regulation of flow in response to local factors

Front 23

Ventilation/Perfusion MATCHING

Back 23

Alveolocapilary units receive almost equal amount of ventilation and perfusion

Front 24

Ventilation/ Perfusion MISMATCHING

Back 24

Abnormal distribution of ventilation and perfusion with respect to each other....pulmonary disease

Front 25

V/Q VENTILATION AND PERFUSION MISMATCHING MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ...

Back 25

hypoxEMIA

Front 26

Ventilation perfusion abnormalties 4 part

Back 26

LOW VENTILATION TO PERFISION RATIO

VERY LOW

HIGH V/Q

SILENT UNIT

Front 27

LOW V/Q ratio..and Examples

Back 27

Alveolar ventilation is impaired but blood flow continues.

Chronic bronchitis

Asthma

Front 28

Very LOW V/Q ratio(Shunt).and Examples

Back 28

Alveolus completed unventilated but blood flow continues

Atelectasis. Collapse

ARDS

PNEUMONIA..full of crud, no gas exchange, ventilation low

Front 29

High V/Q ratio.(dead space).and Examples

Back 29

Alveolus is ventilated but no blood flow thru capillary

Pulmonary embolism

Low flow states

Front 30

Silent unit.....V/Q

Back 30

Poor ventilation and poor perfusion

Front 31

Dyspnea

Back 31

Difficult or labored breathing

Front 32

Orthopnea

Back 32

Person must be in an upright position to breathe deeply or comfortably

Front 33

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Back 33

Attacks of severe SOB and coughing that generally occurs at night.

Front 34

Hemoptysis

Back 34

Coughing up blood mixed with sputum

Front 35

Kussmaul respiration

Back 35

Deep , labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, DkA, but also kidney failure

Front 36

Cheyne Stokes respiration

Back 36

Abnormal patterns of breathing..deeper, faster, temporarily stop breating..apnea

Front 37

Cyanosis

Back 37

Blueish discoloration. Deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood

Front 38

Clubbing

Back 38

Deformity of fingers or toe nails associated with a number of diseases mostly heart and lung

Front 39

Alterations in PaCO2 concentration(Arterial blood)

Back 39

Hypercapnia and hypocapnia, respiratory acidosis

Front 40

Hypercapnia

Back 40

Elevated CO2 levels. Hypoventilation of the alveoli...not breathing dealt or fast enough Co2 build up in blood

Front 41

Hypercapnia Etiology

Back 41

Increased airway resistance

Decreased drive to breathe

Disorder of nervous system function, respiration muscle weakness or paralysis

Loss of structural integrity/ elasticity of chest wall or lungs.

Result..respiratory acidosis. Myocardial depression , electrolyte abnormalties

Hint 41

IDDL

Front 42

Increased airway resistance (Hypercapnia )

Back 42

Material within lumen.mucous plugging

2. Thickening or contraction of airway ( broncospasm)

3. Pressure from outside airway. ( tumor)

Front 43

Decreased drive to breathe (hypercapnia)

Back 43

Drugs acting on can

Administration of oxygen, copd to someone who gas list sensitivity to c02 levels as stimulus to breathe and depend on hypoxic drive

Front 44

Disorders of nervous system (hypercapnia)

Back 44

Infection or i inflammation

Trauma

Disease of neuromuscular junctions

Front 45

Result of hypercapnia

Back 45

Respiratory acidosis. Myocardial depression and electrolyte abnormalties

Front 46

Hypocapnia

Back 46

LOW levels of co2.

Front 47

Hypocapnia result

Back 47

Respiratory alkalosis...cns irritability and electrolyte abnormalties

Front 48

Hypocapnia etiology

Back 48

Severe anxiety

Traumatic brain injury

HypoxEMIA...less oxygen in blood

Front 49

HypoxEMIA

Back 49

Less oxygen in blood