Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List the five main areas of GI pathology |
Obstruction Dysmotility Infection Inflammation Dysplasia |
|
|
What are the 6 functions of the GI system? |
Ingestion Mechanical processing Digestion Secretion Absorption Excretion |
|
|
Which other body system does the GI tract have a close relationship with? |
The immune system (lymph and GI is the “point of first contact”) Through the mucosal layer |
|
|
Name 3 hormones released on the gut |
Gastrin Cholecystokinin Secretin |
|
|
What clinical changes are a concern with protracted nausea and vomiting? |
Electrolyte imbalances (↓ potassium, ↓chloride) → metabolic alkalosis, decreased overall fluid volume |
|
|
________ is a ___________ that is found (surprisingly) in highest quantities in the gut. |
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is found (surprisingly) in highest quantities in the gut. |
|
|
Eosinophilic Esophagitis is an _____ _____ that is ________ __________. |
Eosinophilic Esophagitis is an inflammatory process that is antigen driven and may be r/t the microbiome |
|
|
Why should you always follow up on a complaint of difficulty swallowing? |
This may be the first indication of advanced esophageal cancer. Most symptoms are in the late stages of this cancer. |
|
|
What are factors that contribute to GERD? (categories) |
Defective barrier function Defective luminal clearance Defective epithelial tissue resistance Increased noxious quality of the refluxate |
|
|
What contributes to defective luminal clearance? |
Volume clearance: gravity and peristalsis Acid clearance: secretions from salivary and esophageal submucosal glands |
|
|
Besides “heartburn”, what other symptoms & complications may someone with GERD have? |
Sore throat, hoarseness, enamel erosion, dyspnea (from bronchospasm) Tooth loss, laryngeal strictures, asthma, apnea, pneumonia |
|
|
Why is Barrett’s Esophagus concerning? |
It is metaplasia of the esophageal mucosa and this predisposes patients for adenocarcinoma (increased risk for cancer) The acid reflux is corrosive |
|
|
What specific thing is not absorbed if the stomach is resected? What can this deficiency cause? |
Vitamin B12 This can cause neuropathies and RBC issues (B12 is needed for RBCs to form and grow) |
|
|
What are 3 categories of gastritis? |
Acute (ETOH, smoking, food) Chronic (H. pylori, NSAIDs) Autoimmune |
|
|
What causes autoimmune gastritis? What's the risk |
Pernicious anemia Risk of gastric cancer |
|
|
What does gastritis causes? |
Decreased intrinsic factor leading to a decreased vit B12 absorption |
|
|
Peptic ulcer disease is generally caused by 2 things? |
H. pylori or NSAIDs use (primarily) |
|
|
What “life stage” is important for our microbiome? Why? |
Birth/infancy, the microbiome is influenced by the microbes passed on through birthing process (vaginal vs cesarean difference) and passed from mother to child through breastfeeding |
|
|
Absence of microbiota during early development can increase the risk for what? (per animal models) |
Asthma, colitis |
|
|
What causes stress ulcers? |
Acute physiologic stressors (burns, trauma, major surgery) → these cause focal areas of ischemia (shock pts from autotransfusion) → tissue breaks down → bleeding ulcer |
|
|
What condition is characterized by chronic abdominal pain and changes in bowels? |
IBS Bowel changes can be constipation, diarrhea or mixed |
|
|
What does it indicate if people are at increased risk for IBS if their 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree relatives have it AND spouses have IBS? |
IBS may be due to genetic & environmental factors: stress, diet, physical activity |
|
|
Which diet should people with IBS follow? |
FODMAP avoiding sorbitol and fructose |
|
|
What's the cause of IBD? Which age range does it typically affects? |
Autoimmune (triggers), genetic & environmental 15-25 years old |
|
|
Name some primary differences between Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s (CD) |
UC: only the colon, tends to be superficial, continuous CD: affects all of the GI (esp. ileocecal valve), is patchy (non-continuous), multi-layer, fistulas |
|
|
What are some of the similarities between Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis? |
Both diagnoses can recur and go into remission Extraintestinal manifestations: erythema nodusum, pyoderma gangrenosum, joints, skin, anemia, mouth ulcers |
