Patho - Exam 3 Alterations In Blood Flow

Front 1

What are the 3 layers of the blood vessels?

Back 1

1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica adventitia

Front 2

tunica intimia:

Back 2

-inner layer
-elastic layer
-thin, smooth glistening surface

Front 3

tunica media:

Back 3

-middle layer
-primarily in arteries
-large, smooth muscle layer
-constricts to control diameter of blood vessel

Front 4

tunica adventitia:

Back 4

-outer layer
-thickest layer in veins
-supports the vessel

Front 5

capillaries:

Back 5

-sends blood to tissues and cells and back again
-made of a single thickness endothelial cells
-contains tiny pores that vary by size according to the location in the body

Front 6

brain-barrier:

Back 6

-endothelial cells located in the brain that form a tight junctions preventing substances that would alter neural excitability from leaving the capillary
-brain cells are more supceptible to waste products

Front 7

fenestrations:

Back 7

-located in the kidneys
-glomerular capillaries have these small openings that pass directly thru the middle of the endothelial cells
-larger capillary pores than blood-brain barrier

Front 8

lymphatics:

Back 8

-serve almost all body tissues, except cartilage, bone, epithelial tissue and tissue of CNS
-structure is similar to veins

Front 9

Does resistance increase or decrease with vessel length?

Back 9

increase

Front 10

Does resistance increase or decrease with an increase in diameter?

Back 10

decrease

Front 11

Does resistance increase or decrease with viscosity?

Back 11

increase

Front 12

Will an increase in a cross-sectional area increase or decrease velocity?

Back 12

decrease
(mostly located in capillary bed)

Front 13

bruit:

Back 13

-an audible murmur heard over a peripheral artery
-caused by turbulent blood flow
-suggests obstructive arterial disease

Front 14

thrill:

Back 14

palpable murmur

Front 15

What is 10% of interstitial fluid picked up by in the body?

Back 15

lymphatics

Front 16

edema:

Back 16

-lymphatic obstruction and increased capillary permeability

Front 17

List 4 factors that move blood back to the heart thru the venous system.

Back 17

1. skeletal muscle contraction
2. valves and veins
3. negative intrapleural pressure; "sucking"
4. intraabdominal pressure

Front 18

List the 2 mechanisms used during blood flow.

Back 18

1. extrinsic mechanism
2. intrinsic mechanism

Front 19

lymphedema:

Back 19

-accumulation of fluid in the lymph tissue caused by backflow of fluid

Front 20

5 Causes of blood vessel obstruction:

Back 20

1. thrombosis
2. embolus formation
3. vasospasm
4. inflammation
5. mechanical compression

Front 21

Types of emboli:

Back 21

fat, air, bacteria, amniotic fluid (pregnancy)

Front 22

What is the most likely cause of sudden death?

Back 22

pulmonary edema

Front 23

How would a pt have a fat emboli?

Back 23

from a long bone fracture from injury or trauma

Front 24

Where is the most common location for an embolus formation?

Back 24

mostly from legs or pelvis to lungs

Front 25

thrombophlebitis:

Back 25

-inflammation of a vein in junction with the formation of a thrombus
-usually occurs in an extremity, esp leg.

Front 26

phlebothrombosis:

Back 26

-clotting in a vein
-phlebitis with secondary thrombosis

Front 27

vasospasm:

Back 27

-spasm of a blood vessel
-Ex: angina is a vasospasm of an abnormal artery

Front 28

phlebitis:

Back 28

-inflammation of a vein

Front 29

arteritis:

Back 29

-inflammation of an artery
-painful

Front 30

arteriosclerosis:

Back 30

-disease of te arterial vessels
-thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls

Front 31

Explain valvular incompetence.

Back 31

-heart valves are stenotic or insufficient
-valve is not completely shut, causes back pressure leading to edema

Front 32

aneurysm:

Back 32

-weakening of the vessel wall
-"What is the risk of rupture?"

Front 33

3 types of aneurysms:

Back 33

1. fusiform (found in abdominal aorta)
2. saccular (aka Berry)
3. dissecting (artificial hole in the wall of artery

Front 34

Can you have insufficiency without stenosis?

Back 34

yes

Front 35

Can you have stenosis without insufficiency?

Back 35

no

Front 36

What size is the aneurysm when it's dilation is critical?

Back 36

5 1/2 cm

Front 37

arteriovenous fistula:

Back 37

aka AV fistula
-abnormal tubelike passage btn an artery and a vein
-can be congenital or due to trauma

Front 38

Types of sclerosis:

Back 38

1. Monckeberg's sclerosis
2. arteriolar sclerosis
3. arteriosclerosis

Front 39

Monckeberg's sclerosis:

Back 39

-calcium deposits formed in the media (muscle wall)
-no reduction in blood flow results

Front 40

arterioscleriosis:

Back 40

aka atherosclerosis
-cause of peripheral vascular disease (PVD)in medium to large arteries resulting in decreased blood flow
-most common in vessels of lower extremities, esp femoral and popliteal

Front 41

arteriolar sclerosis:

Back 41

-disease causes small arteries to thicken
-cause of HTN

Front 42

What is a common secondary cause of HTN?

Back 42

renal stenosis

Front 43

Types of arteries:

Back 43

cerebral, coronary, femoral, aorta

Front 44

LDL:

Back 44

aka low-density lipids
-norm: <130 mg/dl
-proliferates muscle cells in the artery
-excess cholesterol is stored in the arteries

Front 45

HDL:

Back 45

aka high-density lipids
-norm: >200 mg/dl
-moves cholesterol from the arterial walls to liver
-more is better

Front 46

atheromas:

Back 46

-plaques
-lipid filled smooth muscle cells found in collagen

Front 47

collaterals:

Back 47

-detours made as a compensatory mechanism in the body
-2 types: body-made and man-made

Front 48

List 4 main risk factors associated with arteriosclerosis.

Back 48

1. smoking (d/t vasoconstriction)
2. high BP
3. cholesterol
4. obesity

Front 49

List 5 minor risk factors associated with arteriosclerosis.

Back 49

1. diabetes
2. stress
3. male sex
4. family history
5. estrogen effect

Front 50

Clinical diagnosis for arteriosclerosis:

Back 50

1. body assessment by systems
2. Doppler flow studies
3. ultrasound
4. ankle-brachial index (pressures) with <1 as abnormal
5. angiography

Front 51

List 5 treatments for arteriosclerosis.

Back 51

1. balloon angioplasty
2. laser angioplasty
3. endarterectomy
4. CABG
5. treatment contributing factors

Front 52

Arteritis:

Back 52

aka Thromboangitis Obliterans
aka Buerger's disease
-inflammatory arterial disorder that causes thrombus formation
-common in young male smokers btn 25-40 YO
-relieved by resting

Front 53

Raynaud's Syndrome:

Back 53

-temporary pallor or cyanosis of the arteries/arterioles of the fingers
-common in females in cold temperatures
-no tissue damage involved

Front 54

Treatment for Raynaud's syndrome:

Back 54

calcium channel blockers for vasodilation

Front 55

4 treatments for acute arterial occlusion:

Back 55

1. surgical emergency
2. anticoagulatio theory
3. treatment run-off
4. possible amputation

Front 56

valvular incompetency:

Back 56

-typically in superficial vericose veins
-d/t prolonged standing, pregnancy, obesity
-tx: stockings, sclerotherapy, ligation and stripping
-can lead to chronic venous insufficiency

Front 57

chronic venous insufficiency:

Back 57

-involves deep veins
-can cause deep vein disease

Front 58

tx for lymphedema:

Back 58

causes thickened skin - elastic stockings and compression devices