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103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
ventilation
flow of air in and out of the lungs
perfusion
extent to which the lung is fed by pulmonary circulation
compliance
distensibility of lung tissue, allows lung to inflate easily
elasticity
causes recoil of lung tissue and passive exhalation
irritant lung receptors
cause bronchoconstriction and inc ventilation rate, and initiate cough
stretch lung receptors
decrease ventilation rate and volume, protect against over-inflation
eupnea
regular rhythm
tachypnea
rapid, shallow breathing
hyperventilation ( Kussmaul's respirations)
inc in rate and depth caused by fear, anxiety, acidosis
cheyne-stokes
hyperpnea-apnea, caused by nervous damage, uremia, heart failure
ataxic
unpredictable, irregularity, nervous damage
obstructive
air trapping, incomplete expiration
apnea
cessation of breathing for greater than ten seconds
low V/Q ratio
low ventilation, and normal prefusion
high V/Q ratio
low perfusion, normal ventilation
dyspnea
trouble breathing caused by length and tension disparity in muscles of respiration
hypercapnia
inc CO2 , results in respiratory acidosis
hypoxia
dec O2 content of arterial blood
Influenza
viral, targets mucous producing cells, breaks down integrity of epithelium, allows for bacterial adhesion
Pneumonia
inflammation in lung resulting in consolidation due to exudate within lung tissues and air spaces. Dec V/Q ratio
typical pneumonia
bacterial with inflammation and exudate in air spaces
atypical pneumonia
viral with inflammation and exudate in interstitium
tuberculosis
areas of cavitation, dead space and hypoxia
Lung Cancer
invasive growth with airway obstruction, invasion of mediastinum and pleura, SOB, cough, wheezing, hemoptysis, venous compression
Vascular Disease
pulmonary embolism usually released from legs, sudden onset dyspnea, hypoxemia, hyperventilation with V/Q mismatch
role of pleura
neg pleural pressure keeps lungs inflated
pneumothorax
air in pleural space
tension pneumothorax
one way valve created, lungs keep expanding putting pressure on the heart
pleural effusion
fluid in pleural space
transudative pleural effusion
watery fluid from capillaries, dec capillary oncotic pressure and hypoproteinemia
exudative pleural effusion
contains wbc and plasma proteins, response to inflammation, malignancy or infection
empyema pleural effusion
infected pleural effusion (pus in pleural space), blockage of lymphatics
hemothorax
blood in pleural space
primary pulmonary hypertension
very rare, poor prognosis, cause unknown
secondary pulmonary hypertension
most common, caused by vasoconstriction and obstruction of pulmonary vascular bed, oxygenation isn't severely effected
pulmonary edema
inc bp in capillaries, immune response opens capillary pores, fluid into air spaces. clinical signs: inspiratory crackles, percussive dullness at base of lung, frothy pink sputum
epiglotitis
child sits forward, acute onset, sore throat, drooling, can't swallow
ARDS
rapid onset secondary to insult to lungs. inflammatory response is cause of injury, bilateral consolidation, organ failure due to hypoxemia
Respiratory distress syndrome
reduced lung compliance, alveoli collapse, hypoxia, acidosis, metabolic acidosis
asthma
episodic, reversible bronchoconspasm resulting from exaggerated smooth muscle bronchoconstriction response to various stimuli. causes mast cell degranulation, edema, mucous production, epithelial injury
emphysema
permanent enlargement of the air spaces accompanied by destruction of their walls, caused by chronic irritation (morphological diagnosis)
chronic bronchitis
persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in atleast 2 years (clinical diagnosis)
Pulmonary failure
respiratory acidosis, hypoxia, coma
cor pulmonale
alteration in the structure and function of the right ventricle, primary disorder of respiratory hypertension
Pink puffers (emphysema)
late dyspnea, hunched over, hyperventilation, dec breath sounds, adequate oxygenation, weight loss
Blue bloaters (chronic bronchitis)
early dyspnea, no air hunger, wheezing, purulent sputum, cyanosis, cor pulmonale, peripheral edema
arterial disorders
dec flow to tissues
venous disorders
interfere with removal of waste and return of blood to the heart
altered perfusion
impaired circulation or inadequate cardiac output
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic
mean arterial pressure
represents average pressure in the arterial system during ventricular contraction and relaxation
systolic
sv being ejected from the heart, ability of aorta to stretch and accomodate sv
diastolic
energy that is stored in the aorta as its elastic fibers are stretched during systole
arterial bp
determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance
primary hypertension
chronic elevation in bp without evidence of another disease
secondary hypertension
elevation in bp resulting from another disease
effects of hypertension
cerbral edema, inc ICP, reduced oxygen delivery, atherosclerosis, left sided hypertrophy, nephrosclerosis, renin-angiotensin inactivated
atherosclerosis
build up in vessel causing distal ischemia, aneurysm formation due to weakening of vessel wall
atherosclerotic occlusive disease (progressive)
calf pain with activity, weak pedal pulses, brittle toe nails, hair loss, cool feet, tissue necrosis, severe pain, ulceration, gangrene
acute arterial occlusion (sudden)
pistolshot, pallor, polar, pulselessness, pain, paresthesia, paralysis
deep vein thrombosis
prescence of thrombus and inflammation
virchow's triad
stasis, inc coagulability, vascular trauma
berry aneurysm
small, spherical often at circle of willis
fusiform/saccular aneurysms
found in thoracic/abdominal aorta. symptoms: back pain, renal obstruction, tearing of vessel wall to form a blood filled channel
shock
inadequate perfusion of vital organs, hypovolemic, systemic vasodilation
coronary heart disease
diminishes myocardial blood supply, prolonged ischemia causes infarction and death of myocardial cells
myocardial ischemia
caused by atherosclerosis
valvular stenosis
valve constricted and narrowed, inc workload in other chamber causing hypertrophy
aortic stenosis
low sv, left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic murmur
mitral stenosis
left arterial dilation, pulmonary hypertension, dysrythmyias
valvular regurgitation
cusps of valves fail to close, blood flow continues when valve should be close. most common on left side
aortic regurgitation
widened pulse pressure, dyspnea, throbbing pulse, diastolic murmur
mitral regurgitation
pulmonary hypertension, systolic murmur, right ventricular failure
tricuspid regurgitation
right heart failure, edema, hepatomegaly, systolic murmur
rheumatic heart disease
secondary to a strep infection causes carditis of all 3 layers, inflammation and growth on valves, valvular stenosis
ADH
inc water permeability
angiotensin
elevates bp
aldosterone
sodium reabsorption, water retention, potassium excretion
kidney function
normal serum creatinine/current serum creatinine
BUN
inc 10-20mg day if renal func is absent, protein dependent,elevates with prerenal failure, dehydration, congestive hf, post renal failure
uremia
urine in the blood
prerenal renal failure
dec blood supply, shock, dehydration, vasoconstriction
postrenal failure
urine flow is blocked. stones, tumors, enlarged prostate
intrinsic failure
kidney tubule function dec. ischemia, toxins, intratubular obstruction
Anuric phase
less than 400ml/day r/t dec in GFR. Uremia and metabolic acidosis, lasts 1-2 weeks
diuretic phase
returns to 1-2 L/day, still dec function, lasts ten days
recovery phase
lasts a few months, may have lifetime reduction in function
tubular cell casts
formed when dead cells are packed together in the tubule lumen, mass of cells can appear in urine
pyelonephritis
inflammation of tubules, interstitium and renal pelvis, loss of abiity to concentrate urine
hydronephrosis
expansion of kidney with urine inc pressure inside and compressing blood vessels causing renal ischemia
proliferative
number of cells inc
sclerotic
amount of extracellular matrix inc
membranous
thickness of glomerular capillary wall inc
nephritic syndromes
proliferative inflammatory response damaging capillary walls and decrease GFR
nephrotic syndrome
proteins lost in urine
acute renal failure
all nephrons have reduced functioning
chronic renal failure
fewer nephrons are functioning and remaining ones have to filter more causing hypertrophy
diminished renal reserve
50% loss
renal insufficiency
20-50% normal, azotemia, anemia, hypertension, polyuria
renal failure
less than 20% normal. atrophy and fibrosis of tubules complete loss of function
diabetic glomerusclerosis
capillary basement thickening causes inc GFR, deteriorating renal function and proteinuria
cardiovascular consequences of CRF
dec blood viscosity, inc BP, dec O2 supply
end stage renal disease
irreversible loss of almost all nephrons, adaptation with hypertrophy, salt wasting, acidosis b/c can't reabsorb bicarb, anemia