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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis |
Balance, equilibrium, harmony |
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Allostasis |
▫Overall process of adaptive changenecessary to achieve homeostasis
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General Adaptation Syndrome |
GAS has the 3 phases: 1) Alarm phase: Initial phase, fight or flight (too much of this phase can do harm to the body) 2)Resistance phase:normalization of glucocorticoid secretion, resolution of fight or flight, return body back to normal 3) Exhaustion phase: if body doesn't adapt, organism will die |
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Catecholamines vs Glucocorticoids |
Catecholamines: have a very profound effect on the body (epinephrine and norepinephrine) vs. Glucocorticoids: metabolism and glucose use; supports catecholamines response |
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Cells are bound by ________ |
The plasma membrane |
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Lipid Bilayer |
Highly impermeable to water-soluble molecules Only lipid-soluble molecules can cross freely |
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Membrane proteins |
Transport charged ions in and out of cells Perform most of membrane funtion |
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Cellular metabolism: Every cell has to make its own energy which is _________-- |
ATP: is not stored Is syntheseized by breakdown of fat and glycogen Most adults have 1 day supply of glycogen stores in muscle and liver. Enough fat stores for a month. Fat is stored in adipose tissue. |
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What are the 2 phases of cellular metabolism |
1) Anabolism: *energy-using *synthesis 2) Catabolism *energy-releasing *glycolysis *breakdown of sugar molecules *Citric acid cycle (Kreb's) |
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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle) |
*In this cycle, glycolysis happens in mitochondria *Pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) causes formation of CO2 *Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced *Hydrogen ions are pumped from mitochondria *End result: ATP is available to drive a variety of energy-requiring reactions within the cell |
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Transport of Macromolecules |
Endocytosis: cellular ingestion of extracellular molecules vs. Exocytosis: cellular secretion (getting rid of waste) |
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Two types of Endocytosis |
1) Pinocytosis: cellular drinking 2 Phagocytosis: cellular eating |
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Transport of small molecules |
1) ATP driven pumps: important for all cellular processes 2) Carriers 3) Channel proteins |
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Active vs Passive Transport |
1) Active transport (pumps) *protein pumps that move solutes/ions across the membrane against electrochemical or concentration gradient 2) Passive transport *facilitated diffusion |
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Sodium-Potassium Ion Pump |
*1/3 of ATP requirements of cell *High Potassium inside cell *High Sodium outisde cell *If too much sodium inside, your cells can swell and burst |
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Cells respond to stressors in the environment in 3 ways: |
1) Reversible Injury 2) Adaptation to Injury 3) Irreversible Injury |
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Reversible Cell Injury |
Swelling Hydropic swelling is the first manifestation of injury due to accumulation of water This results f/ failure of Na+/K+ pump *results in too much Na+ in cell *will cause organ to swell and enlarge "megaly" |
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Reversible Cell Injury: Intracellular Accumulations |
Accumulation of normal or abnormal intracellular substances (too much of a good thing): *Lipids (fats) *carbs *glycogen *proteins Cause by: *excessive amounts of normal substances *faulty synthesis results in excessive storage *lack of enzyme to breakdown substances *fatty liver (caused by too much alcohol) |
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Cellular Adaptation (Still reversible) |
Adaptation happens w/ persistent stress |
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Cellular Adaptation: Atrophy |
Decrease in cell size |
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Cellular Adaptation: Hypertrophy |
Increase in cell size |
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Cellular Adaptation: Hyperplasia |
Increase in cell number |
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Cellular Adaptation: Metaplasia |
Conversion of one cell type to another Ex: smoking cells in bronchial airways change to better accomodate |
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Cellular Adaptation: Dysplasia |
Disorganized appearance of cells (size, shape, arrangement) Is a precursor to cancer (can be reversible treated) Preneoplastic (pre-abnormal "new growth") |
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Irreversible Cellular Injury |
Injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation or repair and reversal |
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Irreversible Cellular Injury: Necrosis vs Apoptosis |
Necrosis: *Tissue and cell death, external injury *Intracellular contents are released into bloodstream *Ex: Myocardial infarction-elevated Troponin level vs Apoptosis: *Cells are regulated by cell birth and death Programmed cell death w/o Necrosis *Ex: RBC lifespan *Internal *usually good but can be bad |
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Etiology (cause of) of cellular injury |
Ischemia and hypoxic injury *All living cells must receive oxygen to produce ATP and survive *hypoxia-lack of O2 in TISSUE (Ischemia) *Hyypoxemia- lack of O2 in BLOOD Nutritional *alcoholism, low iron Infectious and immunologic *bacteria/viruses Chemical *toxins or free radicals Physical and mechanical *extreme temps or radiation |
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The suffix 'emia': |
Blood |
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Cellular Aging: Free radical theory |
Result of accumulated metabolic cell damage over time which leads to cell death |
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Cellular Aging: Somatic vs Brain death |
Somatic death: entire organism death *Absence of respiration or heart beat Brain death: absence of brain stem reflexes *Unresponsive, flaccid, absence of swallowing, gagging, etc *Technology can keep us alive *Criteria varies w/ geographic area |
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Neoplasia |
Abnormal "new growth" *Tumor (mass) *Benign *Malignant (cancer) |
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Anaplasia |
Lack of differentiated features in a cancer cell *Tumor doesn't act like the organ that it is in |
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Metastasis |
Movement of cancer cell to distant site. Always a sign of malignancy TNM: Grading and staging Tumor size Lymph Node affected Degree of Metastasis |
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Suffixes: "oma" vs "carcin" |
Oma: benign-few exceptions: *Lymphomas *Heaptomas *Melanomas Carcin: cancerous-malignant |
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Cancer (CA) |
*Second leading cause of all deaths in US *Most cancer is preventable *Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer (CA) *Proto-oncogenes *Mutant, overactive gene *Tumor suppressor genes *Normally inhibit cell proliferation |
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Cancer Screening Guidelines |
Breast *Women 20+ Self Breast Examination (SBE) education *20-30 Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) @ least every 3 yrs *40-50 Begin annual mammography Colerectal *Women & men 50+ Colonoscopy every ten years *FOBT yearly Prostate *Men 50+ PSA and or DRE Cervix Women 21+ Pap test every 1-2 yrs Cancer-related checkup *Men and women 20+ yearly physical |
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Effects of Cancer (CA) on the body |
Cachexia: weight loss and weakness Bone marrow suppression: *Leukopenia: decreased WBC *Thrombocytopenia: decreased platelet count *Anemia: decreased RBC Opportunistic infections |
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Cancer Therapy |
Surgery: remove lump Radiation: isolate one area (if surgery doesn't get it all, radiation will) Chemotherapy: cytotoxic to ALL cell (good and bad). Affects cells that rapidly divide: (bone marrow, intestinal epithela, hair follicles) Stem cell transplantation Immunotherapy |
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7 Early signs of Cancer (CA) for Adults |
CAUTION: Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or a lump in the breasts, testicles, or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Obvious change in the size, color, shape, or thickness of a wart, mole or mouth sore Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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8 Cancer (CA) warning signs in Children |
Continued, unexplained weight loss Headaches w/ vomiting in the morning Increased swelling or persistent pain in bones or joints Development of whitish appearance in pupil of the eye Recurrent fevers not caused by infections Excessive bleeding or bruising Noticeable paleness or prolonged tiredness |
