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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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____ may activate the complement system. |
Antigen-antibody complexes |
a. Viruses b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells d. Macrophages |
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What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site? |
Coagulation |
a. Complement b. Coagulation c. Kinin d. Fibrinolysis |
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When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte? |
Neutrophils |
a. Neutrophils b. Eosinophils c. Monocytes d. Basophils |
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What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells? |
Vasodilation |
a. Platelet adhesion b. Initiation of the clotting cascade c. Vasodilation d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness |
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The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to: |
Tagging of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages |
a. Tagging of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages b. Process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created to acquired immunity c. Destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms d. Promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degration |
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In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release: |
Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation |
a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation c. Lysosomal enzymes, which active mast cell degranulation during acute inflammation d. Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites |
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Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response? |
Prostaglandins and bradykinin |
a. Prostaglandins and bradykinin b. Leukotrienes and serotonin c. Tryptase and histamine d. Phospholipase and prostacyclin |
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What primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? |
The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it |
a. The immune response is similar each time it is activated b. The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it c. The response to a specific pathogen is short term d. The response is innate, rather than acquired |
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B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells in the: |
Bone marrow |
a. Thymus gland b. Regional lymph nodes c. Bone marrow d. Spleen |
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Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? |
Active acquired |
a. Passive acquired b. Active acquired c. Passive innate d. Active innate |
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When antigens are administered to produce immunity, why are different routes of administration considered? |
Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity |
a. Different routes allow the speed of onset to the antigen to be varied, with the intravenous route being the fastest b. Some individuals appear to be unable to respond to an antigen by a specific route, thus requiring the availability of different routes for the same antigen c. Antigen-presenting cells are highly specialized and thus require stimulation by different routes d. Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity |
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Where are antibodies produced? |
Plasma cells |
a. Helper T lymphocytes b. The thymus gland c. Plasma cells d. The bone marrow |
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Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions? |
IgA |
a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. IgM |
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Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response, occurring 5-7 days after exposure? |
IgM |
a. IgM b. IgG c. IgE d. T cells |
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The B-cell receptor (BCR) complex functions uniquely by: |
Communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus |
a. Communicating information about the antigen to the helper T cell b. Secreting chemical signals to communicate between cells c. Recognizing the antigen on the surface of the B lymphocyte d. Communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus |
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A person with type O blood is likely to have high titers of anti-____ antibodies |
A and B |
a. A and B b. A c. B d. O |
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The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins? |
IgE |
a. IgE b. IgG c. IgM d. T-cells |
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What is a characteristic of atopic individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop allergies? |
Greater quantities of IgE |
a. Greater quantities of histamine b. More histamine receptors c. Greater quantities of IgE d. A deficiency in epinephrine |
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What is the mechanism in type II hypersensitivity reactions? |
Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface |
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation followed by discharge of preformed mediators b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes are deposited in the tissues c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokines-producing Th1 cells attack and destroy cellular targets directly d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface |
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Raynaud phenomenon is classified as a type III hypersensitivity reaction and is due to: |
Immune complexes are deposited in capillary beds, blocking circulation |
a. Immune complexes are deposited in capillary beds, blocking circulation b. Mast cells are bound to specific endothelial receptors that cause them to degranulate, creating a localized inflammatory reaction that occludes capillary circulation c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack and destroy the capillaries so that they are unable to perfuse local tissues d. Antibodies detect the capillaries as foreign protein and destroy them using lysosomal enzymes and toxic oxygen species |
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How does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after an organ transplant? |
Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue |
a. Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue b. Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of transplanted tissue, where the complement cascase lyses tissue c. Antigens on the cell surface of transplanted tissue are recognized by receptors on NK cells, which release lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue d. Antibodies coat the surface of transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed chemical mediators that destroy tissue |
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Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do natural killer (NK) cells actively attack? |
Viruses |
a. Bacteria b. Fungi c. Viruses d. Mycoplasma |
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Which statement concerning exotoxins is true? |
They are released during bacterial growth |
a. They are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria b. They are released during the lysis of bacteria c. They can initiate the complement and coagulation cascades d. They are released during bacterial growth |
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Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator? |
Prostaglandin |
a. Leukotriene b. Histamine c. Prostaglandin d. Bradykinin |
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Vaccines against viruses are created from: |
Live organisms weakened to produce antigens |
a. Killed organisms or extracts of antigens b. Live organisms weakened to produce antigens c. Purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified d. Recombinant pathogenic protein |
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Which statement is a characteristic of HIV? |
HIV is a retrovirus |
a. HIV only infects T helper (Th) cells b. HIV is a retrovirus c. HIV genetic information in its DNA d. HIV has five identified strains |
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What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection? |
It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA |
a. It converts single DNA into double-stranded DNA b. It is needed to produce integrase c. It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus d. It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA |
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AIDS produces a striking decrease in the number of which cells? |
CD4+ Th cells |
a. Macrophages b. CD8+ T cells c. CD4+ Th cells d. Memory T cells |
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Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response? |
Norepinephrine |
a. Norepinephrine b. Epinephrine c. Cortisol d. ACTH |
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During a stress response, the helper T (Th) 1 response is suppressed by which hormone? |
Cortisol |
a. ACTH b. Cortisol c. Prolactin d. Growth hormone |
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What is the effect that low-serum albumin has on the central stress response? |
Impaired circulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
a. Impaired circulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine b. Impaired wound healing c. Lessened circulation of cortisol d. Diminished oncotic pressure |
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Released stress-induced cortisol results in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by affecting which structure? |
Liver
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a. Adrenal cortex b. Pancreas c. Liver d. Anterior pituitary |
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Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)? |
IL-1 and IL-6 |
a. IL-1 and IL-6 b. IL-2 and TNF c. IFN and IL-12 d. TNF-beta and IL-4 |
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What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes? |
Depression of T cells and enhancement of B cells |
a. Depression of B cells and enhancement of T cells b. Depression of T cells and enhancement of B cells c. Depression of B and T cells d. Enhancement of B cells and T cells |
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Which statement is TRUE concerning the differences between stress-induced hormonal alterations of men and women? |
Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than in injured women |
a. After injury, women produce more proinflammatorycytokines than men and isassociated with poor outcomes b. Pasychologic stress associated with some types ofcompetition decreases bothtestosterone and cortisol, especially in athletes older than45 years of age c.Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis afterinjury,creatinggreater immunosuppression in injured med than in injured women d. After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women,but testosterone isdecreased in men.sC{8 |
