Patho 5 | Endocrine

Front 1

MCC of hyperpituitarism

Back 1

Pituitary adenoma

Front 2

MC type of hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma

Back 2

Prolactinomas

Front 3

MC presentation of prolactinoma in males and females

Back 3

Secondary amenorrhea, galactorrhra

Impotence

Front 4

2nd most common type of hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma

Back 4

Somatotroph adenoma

Front 5

Laboratory diagnosis of somatotroph adenoma

Back 5

Failure to suppress GH production in response to an oral load of glucose

Elevated serum GH and IGF1

Front 6

2 manifestations of somatotroph adenomas

Back 6

Gigantism (children

Acromegaly (adult)

Front 7

Cushing syndrome vs Cushing disease

Back 7

Disease if pituitary is the source of ACTH

*excess ACTH causes hypercorticolism

Front 8

Develops after surgical removal of adrenal glands for treatment of Cushing syndrome

Back 8

Nelson syndrome

Front 9

Components of MEN 1

Back 9

Pituitary adenoma

HyperPTH

Pancreatic tumor

Front 10

Ophtha symptoms of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma

Back 10

Bitemporal hemianopsia

Front 11

Triad of pituitary apoplexy

Back 11

Headache

Diplopia

Hypopituitarism

Front 12

Condition of excessive urination due to an inability of the kidney to resorb water properly from the urine

Back 12

Diabetes insipidus

Front 13

Differentiate central DI vs nephrogenic DI

Back 13

> Lack of ADH (hypothalamic disease, transection of the pituitary stalk, posterior pituitary disease)

> Collecting tubule refractory to ADH (drugs, hypokalemia, nephrocalcinosis)

Front 14

Test for diabetes insipidus

Back 14

Water deprivation test

*normal - inc POsm, UOsm

*CDI/NDI - inc POsm, dec UOsm

*after ADH injection - CDI: UOsm increases >50%, NDI: UOsm <50%

Front 15

Treatment for DI

Back 15

CDI: desmopressin

NDI: thiazide, indomethacin

Front 16

MCC of SIADH

Back 16

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Front 17

PE findings of SIADH

Back 17

Menta status dysfunction secondary to cerebral edema

Na < 120

Front 18

MCC of hypopituitarism in children

Back 18

Craniopharyngioma

Front 19

Mutation in craniopharyngioma

Back 19

WNT signaling pathway

Front 20

Hypermetabolic state caused by elevated free T3 and T4

Back 20

Thyrotoxicosis

Front 21

3 causes of thyrotoxicosis

Back 21

Graves disease

MNG

Thyroid adenoma

Front 22

Any derangement that interferes with the production of thyroid hormone

Back 22

Hypothroidism

Front 23

Hypothyrodism that develops in infancy/childhood

Back 23

Cretinism

Front 24

Hypothyroidism developing in older child or adult

Back 24

Myxedema

Gull disease

Front 25

PE of myxedema

Back 25

Generalized fatigue

Apathy

Mental sluggishness

Front 26

MCC of hypothyroidism

Back 26

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Front 27

Associated auto-antibodies with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Back 27

Anti-thyroglobulin

Anti-TPO

Front 28

Histology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Back 28

Hurthle cells

Front 29

Associated diseases with Hashimoto's

Back 29

Autoimmune disease - DMT1, SLE, MG

B cell NHL

MHL lymphoma

Front 30

MCC of painful thyroid gland

Back 30

Subacute thyroiditis

Front 31

Subacute thyroiditis is caused by what infection

Back 31

Coxsackievirus

Front 32

Painless thyroiditis

Back 32

Lymphocytic

Front 33

Thyroditis associated with other sclerosing conditions

Back 33

Reidel thyroiditis

Front 34

Triad of Grave's disease

Back 34

Hyperthyroidism

Axial proptosis

Pretibial myxedema/dermopathy

Front 35

Auto-antibodies associated with Grave's disease

Back 35

Thyroid-stimulating Ig

Thyroid growth-stimulating Ig

TSH-binding inhibitor Ig

Front 36

Histologic findings of Grave's diease

Back 36

Diffuse thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Infiltrative opthalmopathy - MN, GAG, adipocytes

Front 37

2 phases of diffuse nontoxic goiter

Back 37

Hyperplastic

Colloid involution

Front 38

Distinguishes MNG from follicular CA

Back 38

No capsule between the hyperplastic nodules and residual thyroid

Front 39

Autonomous nodule that develops in a long-standing goiter and produce hyperthyroidism

Back 39

Plummer syndrome

Front 40

Histologic finding in thyroid adenoma

Back 40

Hurthle cell adenoma

Front 41

MC primary thyroid cancer in adults and children

Back 41

Papillary thyroid CA

Front 42

Histologic finding of papillary thyroid CA

Back 42

Psammoma bodies

Orphan Annie nuclei

*groovy nuclei, nuclear pseudoinclusion, chromatin dispersed to the side

Front 43

MC thyroid cancer presenting as a solitary cold nodule

Back 43

Follicular thyroid CA

*dietary iodine deficiency

Front 44

Thyroid CA associated with a past history of well-differentiated thyroid CA

Back 44

Anaplastic thyroid CA

Front 45

Thyroid neuroendocrine neoplasms derived from parafollicular cells or C cells

Back 45

Medullary thyroid CA

Front 46

Histologic findings in medullary thyroid CA

Back 46

Amylois deposits

C-cell hyperplasia

Front 47

MCC of autonomous, spontaneous overproduction of PTH

Back 47

Adenoma

*primary hyperplasia

*parathyroid CA

Front 48

Histology of primary hyperPTH

Back 48

Water-clear cell hyperplasia

Front 49

Organ involvement with primary hyperPTH

Back 49

Increased osteoclasts

Osteitis fibrosis cystica

Brown tumors of hyperPTH

Nephrolithiasis

Front 50

MCC of secondary hyperPTH

Back 50

Renal failure

Front 51

MCC of hypoPTH

Back 51

Previous thyroid surgery

Front 52

2 signs of tetany in hypoPTH

Back 52

Chovstek - facial nerve

Trousseau - carpal spasms of forearm

Front 53

Expected lab findings in pseudohypoPTH

Back 53

Hypocalcemia

Hyperphosphatemia

Elevated circulating PTH

Front 54

Auto-AB involved in DMT1

Back 54

Anti-insulin

Anti-GAD

Anti-ICA512

Front 55

Histologic finding of pancreas in DMT1

Back 55

Reduction in number and size of islets

Insulitis

Front 56

Histologic finding of pancreas in DMT2

Back 56

Amyloid deposition within islets

Front 57

MC COD in diabetes

Back 57

Myocardial infarction

Front 58

Pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy

Back 58

Diffuse thickening of basement membrane

Front 59

Accumulation of sorbitol in pars plicata causes

Back 59

Cataracts

Front 60

MC pancreatic endocrine neoplasm

Back 60

Insulinoma

Front 61

Components of Whipple triad

Back 61

Hypoglycemia

Low plasma glucose at time of symptoms

Relief of symptoms when glucose is raised to normal

Front 62

Diagnostic exam of insulinoma

Back 62

Fasting hypoglycemia

Increased serum insulin

Increased C peptide

Front 63

Histology of insulinoma

Back 63

Giant islet cells

Amyloid deposits

Nesidioblastosis - hyperplasia of the islet

Front 64

Malignant islet cell tumor that secretes gastrin

Back 64

Gastrinoma

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Front 65

Clinical presentation of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Back 65

Peptic ulceration unresponsive to therapy

Diarrhea

Steatorrhea

Front 66

MCC of hypercortisolism

Back 66

Exogenous glucocorticoids

Front 67

Laboratory parameter to request to differentiate pituitary/adrenal/ectopic Cushing syndrome

Back 67

High dose dexamethasone (Inc in adrenal and ectopic)

Plasma ACTH (dec in adrenal, inc in ectopic)

Front 68

Pituitary gland changes in Cushing syndrome

Back 68

Crooke hyaline change

Front 69

MC manifestion of primary hyperaldosteronism

Back 69

Hypertension

Front 70

Secondary hyperaldosteronism is characterized by increased levels

Back 70

Plasma renin

Front 71

Histologic findings in aldosterone-producing adenomas

Back 71

Spironolactone bodies

Front 72

AKA andrenogenital syndrome

Deficiencies of steroid biosynthetic enzyme

Back 72

CAH

Front 73

MC enzyme deficiency in CAH

Back 73

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Front 74

Clinical presentation in 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Back 74

Ambiguous genitalia in female

Precocious puberty in males

Front 75

Lab findings in 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Back 75

INC 17-ketosteroids, hydroxyprogesterone

DEC 17-hydroxycorticoids, mineralocorticoids

Front 76

Adrenal crisis in individuals with chronic adrenocortical insufficiency

*rapid withdrawal of steroids

Back 76

Primary acute adrenocortical insufficiency

Front 77

Massive adrenal hemorrhage in the setting of fulminant meningococcemia

Back 77

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Front 78

Disorder resulting from progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex

Back 78

Primary chronic adrenocortical insufficiency

Addison disease

Front 79

MCC of Addison disease

Back 79

Autoimmune destruction

Miliary TB

Histoplasmosis

CAH

Lung cancer metastasis

Front 80

Clinical presentation of Addison disease

Back 80

Progressive weakness and easy fatigability

Hyperpigmentation 2nd to POMC

Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia

Front 81

Difference between secondary adrenocortical insufficiency and Addison disease

Back 81

Decreased size of adrenal

No hyperpigmentation

No hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

Front 82

Associated cancer syndromes in adrenocorticol neoplasm

Back 82

Li Fraumeni syndrome - p53

Beckwith-Wiedemann

Front 83

Neoplasm composed of chromaffin cells which synthesize and release catecholamines and peptide hormones

Back 83

Pheochromocytoma

Front 84

Rule of 10s in pheochromocytoma

Back 84

10% extradrenal paraganglioma

Bilateral

Malignant

Not associated with HTN

Germline mutation

Front 85

Histologic picture of pheochromocytoma

Back 85

Potassium dichromate

Zellballen

Salt and pepper chromatin

Front 86

MEN1/Wermer syndrome

Back 86

PTH adenoma

Pancreatic tumor

Pituitary tumor (prolactinoma)

Front 87

MEN 2A (Sipple syndrome)

Back 87

Pheochromocytoma

Medullary CA

PTH hyperplasia

Front 88

MEN 2B

Back 88

Pheochromocytoma

Medullary carcinoma

Neuromas or ganglioneuromas