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  • Front
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FM 3-99

Airborne and Air Assault Operations

GUC

Ground Unit Commander

METT-TC

Mission


Enemy and Friendly situations


troops


terrain and weather


Time available


Civilians on the battlefield

Two main categories that contribute to the process of HLZ selection?

Tactical considerations


Technical considerations

Tactical considerations of HLZ's pertain to what?


Responsibility of who?


And estimate of what?

1. Actual mission of the unit being moved


2. GUC - ground unit commander


3. METT-TC

The technical considerations of HLZ planning are the responsibility of who?

Pathfinders

What are the seven technical consideration section factors?

1. Size of HLP/TDP


2. Landing formations and number of A/C


3. Surface conditions


4. Obstacles


5. Approach and departure routes


6. Atmospheric conditions


7. Type of load

HLP/TDP

Helicopter landing point/touch down point

The aviation unit commander bases the size of the HLP/TDP upon what?

1. Size/type of aircraft


2. Pilot/unit proficiency


3. Day/night


4. Atmospheric conditions

TDP size 1 diameter? Type of A/C?

1. 25m


2. OH-6, OH-58, MH-6, AH-6, UH-72A

TDP size 2 diameter? Type of A/C?

1. 35m


2. AH-1W/Z, UH-1N/Y


(USMC skids for landing)

TDP size 3 diameter? Type of A/C?

1. 50m


2. AH-64, UH-60A/L/M, SH-60


(60 Series A/C)

TDP size 4 diameter? Type of A/C?

1. 80m


2. All CH A/C, MV/CV-22B

TDP size 5 diameter? Used for?

1. 100 m


2. All DAYTIME sling load, Unknown A/C, A/C w/ land safe

TDP size 6 diameter? Reason for use?

1. 125m


2. All sling loads using long lines

TDP size 6 diameter? Reason for use?

1. 125m


2. All sling loads using long lines

TDP size 7 diameter? Reason for use?

1. 150m


2. All NIGHTTIME sling load, A/C w/ sling load using Land safe

Front (Term)

Heavy Left

Where in the formation does the A/C with a sling load fly?

Always flys separately

What are you looking for when determining surface conditions?



(Alabama heel stomp)

- Surface firm enough to support the weight of the A/C


- free of loose sand, snow, & debris

What is the definition of an obstacle?

Anything 18" high, wide, or deep

What are the 4 R's when dealing with obstacles?

Remove


Reduce


Red (mark in red)


Radio (advise pilot)

Is ground slope considered an obstacle?

Yes

On a slope, which direction with you attempt to land the A/C?

- up-slope or side-slope


- never down-slope

Ground slope 0-7 deg.


1. What A\C can land?


2. What advisories?

1. All A/C


2. No advisory

Ground slope 7-15 deg.


1. What A\C can land?


2. What A/C cannot land?


3. What advisories?

1. Wheels for landing can land


2. Skids for landing cannot


3. Wheeled-- Land up-slope


Skid-- terminate at hover

Ground slope exceeds 15 deg.


1. What A\C can land?


2. What A/C cannot land?


3. What advisories?

1. None


2. All


3. Terminate at hover

Slope is expressed in what unit of measure?

Degrees

Heavy Right

What is the formula for slope?

Convert meters to feet?

Meters X 3.28 = feet

Convert feet to meters?

Feet / 3.28 = meters

Ideally, the land heading for the approach and departure routes will be along which axis?

Long axis


- over lowest obstacle


- into the wind

What is the default Obstacle buffer ratio?

10:1 or 100m (whichever is greater)

When given the authority to reduce Obstacle buffer, what is the ratio?

5:1 or 50m (whichever is greater)

When prevailing winds are present, what must you always attempt to have the A/C do?

Land into the wind

Prevailing winds-- depending on A/C capabilities,


1. A/C can land in crosswind of?


2. Tail wind of?

1. 0-9 knots


2. 0-5 knots

When a cross wind exceeds 9 knots, the pilot must do what?

Land into the wind

The performance capabilities of the A/C's ACL is determined on what?

Humidity


Altitude


Temperature



(HAT)

Vee

What are the four types of loads?

1. Equipment


( ex: sling load)


2. Personnel


(ex: PVT joe)


3. Internal


(ex: kicker box)


3. External


(ex: super hooah SF Bro doing Fris/Spies)

What are the two HLS NIGHT marking configurations?

Inverted "Y"


NATO "T"

How many lights does a inverted "y" have? How many for cargo A/C?

1. 4


2. 5

How many lights does the NATO "T" have?

5

When is the NATO "T" used?

- when coordinated for


- when A/C are approaching from 500 ft AGL or more

When using the NATO "T", how much must you add to the total length of the site?

20m

Trail

Staggered Trail Right

Staggered Trail Left

What are the distances between lights?

Distance between lights?


Base light?


Stem light?

Diamond

What helicopter formation is the most secure? Why?

Diamond


- 360 deg. security once on the ground

Distance between lights?


Marking used for what type of A/C?

2. CH

Distance between lights?


Use on which type of A/C?

2. CH (move 5th light when coordinated)

How many HLP lights are used to mark additional non-CH A/C in formation? How far apart are the lights?

1. Two


2. 5m apart, 5m from TDP

How many HLP lights are used for additional cargo A/C in formation? What distance are they placed?

1. Two


2. 10m apart, 10m from TDP

What side of a sling load will the A/C land?

Left

Obstacles will be marked with what color?

Steady red


(under NVG's will look white to pilots)

The ground guide will mark the LZ for the lead A/C by?

1. By use of signalman


2. By holding rifle over his head


3. Vs-17 panel


4. Other identifiable means

What are the three priorities when determining the land heading?

1. Long axis of site


2. Wind direction and speed


3. Slope at the site

GTA

Ground to Air


(Guy talking to A/C)

INR

Internal Net Recorder


(Guy that will be the result of legal frying your ass if you F**k up)

CCP



(Not normal Army CCP)

Communications Checkpoint

When placing the GTA on the HLP consider what three things?

1. Good 360 deg. Observation of the site


2. Not placed inside a cleared area


3. Opposite the CCP

When placing the GTA & INR on the HLP consider what three things?

1. Good 360 deg. Observation of the site


2. Not placed inside a cleared area


3. Opposite the CCP

What is the Minimum distance that must be between the INR and GTA man?

25m

The sling load TDP for like A/C must be how far away from the nearest active HLP? How far for unlike/unknown A/C?

1. 80m


2. 100m

What is the process to establish an HLS?

1. Determine land heading (crows foot)


2. Place GTA


3. Determine obstacle ratio & place #1 TDP


4. Establish/mark the site (other A/C in formation)


5. Select tentative location for sling load point

Methods used to approach Army A/C?

- move once a/c has landed


- approach at crouch


- approach from down-slope

Approach angle for a UH-1 Helicopter?

45deg. From the front

Approach angle for a UH-60 helicopter?

90 deg. From the sides

Approach angle for cargo helicopters?

45 deg. From the rear

Approach angle for a CH-53?

45 deg. From the RIGHT rear


(Tail rotor will turn you to a pink must on the left)

Loading and inflight safety actions? (Name 6)

- load in reverse order


- use cargo lashing


- DO NOT place equipment under troop seats


- seat belts


- remain seated


- no smoking

Muzzle orientation on a UH-1N/Y? On a UH-60/OH-58/CH-47?

1. Up


2. Down

Off loading procedure? (Name 4)

1. Wait to be instructed to move


2. Watch tail rotor hazard


3. Exit down slope


4. 2-3 steps, go prone

Emergency exits on UH-1?

4

Emergency exits on UH-60?

6

Emergency exits for CH-47?

11

Emergency exits on MV-22B?

6

Emergency exits on OH-58?

2

What are the three preferred landing formations? Why?

Echelon right


Echelon left


Trail



- limits amount of sand/ snow sucked into engine

What formation will A/C only do a Run in Landing?

Echelon R/L

When is a Land safe systems designed to be used?

Limited visibility situations

How many chalks can be located at the chalk assembly area at one time?

No more than three

Front (Term)

Know it

Know it

UH-1N


Cruising speed?


Max speed?

110 kias


120 kias

UH-1Y


Cruising speed?


Max Speed?

158 kias


164 kias

UH-60 L/M


Cruising speed?


Max Speed?

150 kias


159 kias

SH-60


Cruising speed?


Max speed?

146 kias


180 kias

CH-47 D/F


Cruising speed?


Max speed?

130 kias


170 kias

CH-53E


Cruising speed?


Max Speed?

150 kias


200 kias

Ch-53K


Cruising speed?


Max speed?

160 kias


200 kias

C/V- 22


Cruising speed?


Max Speed?

220 kias


250 kias

CAB

Combat Aviation Battalion

Ideally, a commander will assign pathfinders to who in order to build better relationship between aviators and pathfinders?

Combat aviation battalion

Pathfinders primary role to provided to military A/C?

Navigational aid


Advisory services

How are pathfinders employed at landing sites?

Select, mark, improve, and control landing sites

Before pathfinders perform secondary missions, they must first do what?

Train and perform routine maintenance on their equipment

What are the five basic plans of an Air Assault operation?

1. Ground tactical plan


2. Landing plan


3. Air movement plan


4. Loading plan


5. Staging plan

What is the lowest level capable of unilaterally conducting and Air Assault operation?

Division

What is the lowest level that can plan, coordinate, and control and Air Assault operation?

Battalion

What is the lowest level that can execute the air assault operation?

Company

The use of air assault in the Ground tactical plan capitalizes on what?

Speed and mobility (of A/C) to achieve surprise

The landing plan supports the ground tactical plan by ensuring what?

Units sequentially arrive at designated locations and times

Elements of the landing plan?

1. Availability, location, and size of landing site


2. Flexibility for changes


3. Support by fire planned for around landing site


4. MEDEVAC and re-supply contingents

Advantage of single LZ?

(Verbiage!! One place, more control)


- concentration of combat power


- control of operation


- concentrates supporting fires in and around LZ


- provides better security for lifts


- reduce number of flight routes


- centralizes


- requires less planning/rehearsal

Advantages of multiple LZs

(Spreads things out)


- avoids grouping assets


- rapid dispersal of troops in separate areas


- reduces enemies ability to detect and reach first lift


- enemy must fight in more than one direction


- reduces congestion on LZ


- difficult to determine size of Air Assault force

What is the Air Movement plan based upon?

Ground tactical plan


the landing plan

Two key elements of the Air Movement Plan?

- flight routes, with flight route overlays


- air movement table

What does the flight route consist of?

- Start point (SP)


- Release Point (RP)


- flight in between

How are the SP & RP point identified?

Easily identifiable topographic feature visible from the air

The SP/RP are how far from the PZ/LZ? How many minutes?

3-5 kilometers


2 min

ACP

Air Control Points

What is an ACP?

-easily identifiable topographic feature from the air, that is a navigational aid, where the flight route changes

What is an intercept heading?

1-2 mile final approach to LZ that keeps A/C from having to turn too sharply

What are the three flight routes?

1. Restricted flight route


2. Flight Corridor


3. Flight Axis

Restricted flight route

A/C restricted to heading and altitude

Flight Corridor

1. 200-300 METERS either side of flight corridor


2. 500 FEET above or below altitude


3. Authorized by brigade/Division Commander

AME

Airspace Management Element

AME

Airspace Management Element

For a flight corridor, what can the AME restrict?

Restrict operational area for selected A/C. (At Corps level)

Flight axis

- Like corridor


- gives AMC CHOICE in selecting enroute formations and alter direction

What are the three terrain flight modes?

1. Nap of the earth


2. Contour


3. Low level (pilot preferred)

When is the loading plan most important?

- When mixing internal and external loads


And/or


- mixing a/c type

Copies of the loading plan should be distributed to who?

1. Aviation LNO


2. Command and control elements


3. The AMC


3. Pz control officer

What does the air loading table assign?

Man or equipment to specific chalk (load manifest)

What are two things to maintain during load planning?

Tactical integrity of units


Self sufficiency of loads

Why is tactical cross-loading important?

If an a/c is lost, the mission is not seriously hampered

What does the staging plan prescribe?

The arrival time for ground units at PZ in proper order of movement

Staging time?

1 hr prior to load time

Staging time?

1 hr prior to load time

PZ posture?

15 min prior to a/c arrival

Pathfinders initial prepare equipment in what order?



(Ronny Never Wins In A Maze)

1. Radios


2. Navigation aids (electronic/visual)


3. Weapons


4. Essential Individual equipment


5. Assembly aids


6. Other Mission specific items

What must a pathfinder do in his planning as he receives more information?

Reorganize personnel and equipment to better accomplish the mission

In an operation, Pathfinders may have to recommend?

- exact locations for DZs and LZs


- a time schedule


- landing formations


- employment techniques

Who coordinates with pathfinders to make an air movement table?

Air Liaison Officers (ALO)


&


Ground unit commanders (GUC)

AMB

Air Mission Brief

What does the AMB ensure?

- Key aviation personnel are briefed


- each plan is finalized

Who is present at the Air Mission Brief?

- S2, S3, S3 Air, S4


- FSO


- ALO


- ADA liaison


- aviation unit ops officer


- AMC


- battle captain from air recon


- attack helo units


- GUC


- communications officer

Load (chalk)

Personnel and/or equipment that are designated to be moved, by specific A/C

Serial

- Tactical group of 2-6 A/C


- separated by time and space

Lift

All A/C assigned to that mission

Formula for Flight time?

(Distance in Km X 60)/(speed in knots X 1.84)



*always round up!!

What does the air movement table show?

- a/c allocations


- number and type of A/C


- departure point


- landing times

H-Hour

First a/c in first lift touches down at LZ

What is the a/c loading time for day? Night? Unloading time?

1. 3 min


2. 5 min


3. 1 min

Night time conditions are between?

1800-0559

What is the Air loading table used as?

Loading manifest


(Assigns chalk number a/c to carry personnel)

A/C bump plan?

Ensures that the most essential personnel/ equipment arrive at the objective first

Who devises the Bump plan?

XO or 1SG

AMC

Air mission Command

AMC

Air mission Command

CAN

Combat Aviation Net

CCN

Company Command Net

How has overall responsibility for an Air Assault operation?

Company commander

Duties of a company commander during company Air Assault?

- plans operation


- briefs subordinate leaders


- issues OPORD


- conducts rehearsals

Who is the PZ control officer?

XO, 1sg, or PL

Who is the PZ control officer?

XO, 1sg, or PL

PZ Control NCOIC?

1sg, Plt Sgt, Section Sgt, or Squad leader

What two radios must the RTO monitor?

- combat aviation net (CAN)


- Company Command Net (CCN) or (PZ Control Net)

Duties of chalk link up guides?

- one per chalk


- assist in movement of chalks from unit AA to chalk AA

Duties of #1 TDP signalman?

- guidance for a/c


- should be on lead A/C

What does the chalk leader brief his personnel on?

- seating arrangement


- loading procedures


- use of safety belts


- in-flight procedures


- offloading procedures

Duties of the PZ control officer?

- organize, control, and coordinate operations in PZ

The PZ control officer tasks are to do what?

1. Form the control group


2. Establish Comms


3. Plan and initiate fire support


4. Plan and initiate security


5. Clear PZ of obstacles

Responsibilities of the site Team Leader?

- organize rally point


- recon : long axis, usable area, ground slope, land heading, best landing info


- designate sling load point


- place GTA radio operator


- ect

4 factors that dictate number of extra pathfinders employed?

S.E.N.T.


- size of landing site


- expected density of air traffic


- number/type of visual/electronic aids


- tactical situation

What is the FAA regulation for ATC?

FAA 7110.65

What is the FAA regulation for ATC?

FAA 7110.65

FM 3-04.120

Army AIr Traffic control

Pathfinder air traffic procedures promote what two things?

Safe and expeditious flow of air traffic

Pathfinder air traffic procedures promote what two things?

Safe and expeditious flow of air traffic

4 purposes of Pathfinder ATC?

1. Prevent collisions


2. Expedite traffic


3. Provide flight info


4. Aid in search and rescue

Pathfinder air traffic procedures promote what two things?

Safe and expeditious flow of air traffic

4 purposes of Pathfinder ATC?

1. Prevent collisions


2. Expedite traffic


3. Provide flight info


4. Aid in search and rescue

What form filled out by the INR may be used to aid in search and rescue?

DA Form 7461-R

3 qualities of pathfinder ATC?

Accuracy


Speed


knowledge

3 qualities of pathfinder ATC?

Accuracy


Speed


knowledge

Six comm techniques? (Over mic)

(3 avoids/3 speaks)


- avoid monotone


- avoid too slow/fast speech


- avoid display of emotion/excitement


- speak directly into mic


- speak in a normal conversation tone


- speak with confidence

On a helicopter, what side is the RED light located on? GREEN?

Red: left


Green: left

On a helicopter, what side is the RED light located on? GREEN?

Red: left


Green: right

What are the two type of information in reference to flight info?

1. Pertinent info


2. Advisory info

What is pertinent information?

Info pertaining directly to your landing site

4 types of pertinent information?

1. Signal on call


2. Description of the landing site


3. Wind speed and direction


4. Field elevation of the landing site

What pertinent information pertains to NIGHT operations only?

Filed elevation of the landing site

What pertinent information pertains to NIGHT operations only?

Filed elevation of the landing site

What pertinent information pertains to NIGHT operations only?

Filed elevation of the landing site

What is advisory information?

Info pilot must know in order to avoid potentially hazardous situation

What pertinent information pertains to NIGHT operations only?

Field elevation of the landing site

What is advisory information?

Info pilot must know in order to avoid potentially hazardous situation

How do you alway begin advisories on the net?

"Be Advised"

What is some advisory information?

- turbulence at or near the site


- obstacles/hazards


- artillery/mortar fire (weapon location, ordinance, direction of fire)


- enemy situation


- weather


- other A/C at or near site

What are the 3 Cardinal rules?



(Really know the 3rd!!!!!!!!!!)

1. Arriving a/c will not be given clearance to land at a landing point until all preceding a/c have taxied from or flown forward of the designated landing point


2. Departing a/c will not be cleared for departure until all preceding a/c have flown clear of the forward landing point



3. Never allow a sling load a/c to fly over personnel, equipment, or another a/c at any time

Primarily, what are traffic patterns used to control?

A/C around landing sites, drop zones, pick-up zones

From the center line of the landing site, how far does the traffic pattern extend? In which direction?

1. One STATUTE mile


2. All directions

The normal altitude that a pilot will fly is dependent upon what?

METT-TC

5 legs of the standard traffic pattern?

1. Upwind leg


2. Crosswind leg


3. Downwind leg


4. Base leg


5. Final approach leg

Look at it!

What is the minimum traffic pattern that can be flown?

Final approach leg

Right or left traffic pattern is better for rotary a/c?

- right (pilot on the right)


- left better for nascar drivers

What type of a/c may enter the traffic pattern anywhere? As long as it is what?

1. Rotary a/c


2. Consistent with safety requirement s

Where may fixed wing a/c enter the traffic pattern?

First 1/3 portion of any leg at 45 deg angle or less

What is a closed traffic pattern?

A/c continue to orbit the site at the specified altitude

You can extend any traffic leg except for which ones?

Base leg


Final approach leg

What is a modified traffic pattern? How many legs must it have?

1. Take a/c from where they are and put them into the pattern


2. Two or three legs

What is the 360 degree turn out? Where can it not be preformed?

1. Two-minute turnout to prevent collision


2. Final approach

Que for an a/c to execute a 360 deg turnout?

"Go around"

What are the 6 priorities for landing?

1. A/c with in-flight emergency


2. MEDEVAC a/c


3. Coded A/C (1-8)


4. A/c in formation (2 or more a/c)


5. A/c with external load


6. Single A/C

What type of approach is not one of the six traffic patterns but will be a pathfinders most common encounter?

Circle approach

Types of traffic patterns

- Standard traffic pattern L/R


- closed traffic pattern L/R


- modified


1. Extending one/ more legs


2. 360 deg turnout


- straight in approach

How far away is the CCP and RP to the OP site?

6-8 km

How far are the CCP and RP to the control zone?

3-5 km

How large is the fixed wing control zone?

18 km

How large is the fixed wing control zone?

18 km

How large is the rotary wing control zone?

6 km

In map marking RP means?

Reference point