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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Hyperplasia definition
two types of physiologic hyperplasia with examples of each |
increase in cell number
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Hormonal- female breast tissue
Compensatory- post partial hepatectomy |
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Cellular response to physiologic hyperplasia
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inc growth factos --> intracellular signaling ptw --> transcriptional regulators --> cell cycle regulation
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Main cause of physiologic hyperplasia?
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hormones:
estrogen (from fat/therapy) --> androgens--> chronic infections--> |
- endometrial hyperplasia
- prostatic hyperplasia - follicular lymphoid hyperplasia |
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(T/F) Pathogenic Hyperplasia of the endometrial tissue of the uterus is irreversible.
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False- all physiologic hyperplasias are reversible as long as the stressor is removed
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Name this tissue. Normal or abnormal? If abnormal, how so?
endometrial pathogenic hyperplasia |
endometrial pathogenic hyperplasia
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Name this tissue. Normal or abnormal? If abnormal, how so?
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Normal early secretory phase endometrium
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Name this tissue. Normal or abnormal? If abnormal, how so?
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physiologic hyperplastic prostatic glandular epithelium
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Name this tissue. Normal or abnormal? If abnormal, how so?
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endometrial pathogenic hyperplasia
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Define Hypertrophy
Cellular Mechanism? |
increase in cell size
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increased transcription of structural and functional protein genes
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This image is an example of what?
What is the cause? |
pathogenic myocardial hypertrophy
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Mechanical
- stretch Trophic - growth factors (IGF1) - vasoactive agents angiotensin II & α adrenergics |
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The image on the right is normal. What is represented by the image on the left?
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Uterine physiologic hypertrophy
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Which of the following are physiologic atrophy?
Denervation thyroglossal duct notochord Decreased blood supply Inadequate nutrition ductus arteriosus Loss of endocrine stimulation |
thyroglossal duct
notochord ductus arteriosus |
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How would you describe cerebral atrophy?
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narrowed gyri, widened sulci
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Chemical factors leading to atrophy? (in what type of state are you?)
What chemical opposes atrophy? |
catabolic state such as cachexia:
glucocorticoids thyroid hormone cytokines (TNF) |
insulin
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(T/F) Metaplasia is an irreversible process
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False
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In what type of tissue can metaplasia occur?
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connective tissue- epithelium or stromal
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Vitamin A deficiency and epithelium
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inability to maintain a highly specialized surface (leads to metaplasia)
-->keratomalacia (thickening of conjunctiva of eye) -->glandular to squamous transition in Lung |
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consequence of a sialolith in the bile duct
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Glandular to squamous metatplasia
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classify this transition and tissue
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Pseudostratified, ciliated bronchial mucosa becomes Stratified squamous metaplastic mucosa
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Classify the tissue and the pathogenic process.
increases risk of? |
Barrett’s esophagus (note globlet cells)
Metaplasia - Squamous to columnar Glandular |
Risk of Adenocarcinoma
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Two types of stromal metaplasia
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condroid (cartilage)
osseous (bone) |
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(T/F) Metaplasia refers to a morphological change a cell to one more suited to the new microenvironment.
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False. Metaplasia refers to a morphological change in a TISSUE brought about by changes in the tissue's stem cells
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what are residual bodies?
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Undigested remnants (lipid, often) of Phagolysosomes. also called lipofuscin
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Heterophagy
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ingested extracellular material
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Autophagy
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digestion of cell’s own constituents
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immotile cilia syndrome may be due to?
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mitochondrial functional abnormalities
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What are Mallory Bodies?
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increased intermediate filament generation in hepatocytes following alcohol injury
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Name tissue and pathology.
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Glycogen storage disease (heart)
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Name tissue and pathology
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Liver- Hepatitis B viral products fill golgi
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Name tissue and pathology
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Hepatocytes- Mallory Bodies
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Name tissue and pathology.
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neurons- Neurofibrillary Tangles
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Name tissue and pathology
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hepatocytes- Alpha-1 antitrypsin mutation leads to impaired secretion of a1antitrypsin
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Name tissue and pathology
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Brain- Plaques
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Steatosis
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= Fatty Change = Intracellular Lipid Accumulation
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xanthomas
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macroscopic masses of lipid (chl & esters) bloated cells
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Name the tissue and pathogenesis.
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Steatosis, liver
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Name the tissue and pathogenesis.
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Steatosis, liver
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Name tissue and pathogenesis
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Cholesterolosis, gallbladder
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name tissue and pathogenesis
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Cholesterolosis, gallbladder
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Intensely red material represents what?
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intracellular accumulation of protein in proximal renal tubule.
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pick,blue, and fluorescent represents what? What type of tissue?
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Cardiac Amyloidosis- abnormal protein folding
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What is represented by the light blue circles? In what type of cells are they located?
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Russell Bodies (normal Ig's in massive #'s) in Plasma Cells
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dark pink dots represent? which tissue?
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Abnormal alpha-1 antitrypsin inclusions (abnormally synthesized protein) in hepatocytes
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Which of the following describes the calcification of cells/tissues following necrosis?
Metastatic Neoplastic Dystrophic Hypercalcemic |
Dystrophic
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Causes of Metastatic Calcification?
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Hypercalcemia due to:
-elevated PTH -caner (inc bone metabolism) -renal failure -vit D disorders |
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