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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the 5 cardinal points of inflammation:
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1. Rubor: redness
2. Calor:heat 3. Dolor: pain 4. Tumor: swelling 5. Functio Laesa: (loss of function) |
1. Rubor: redness --> Hyperemia
2. Calor:heat--> Hyperemia 3. Dolor: pain --> Edema 4. Tumor: swelling --> Edema and chem. mediator 5. Loss of function --> Edema |
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Acute Inflammation:
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Acute Inflammation:
- limited in area and duration - characterized by Cardinal Signs of Inflammation |
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Chronic Inflammation:
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Chronic Inflammation:
- may be result of acute inflammation - characterized by long duration - or repeated injury |
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When does repair process begin?
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Almost at the same time when the inflammatory process is activated
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Inflammation:
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Inflammation:
-non-specific response to tissue damage --> injury |
Inflammation:
-localized vs. systemic -acute vs. chronic |
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What are the cell involved in acute inflammation response?
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- short-term
- neutrophils |
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What are the cell involved in chronic inflammation response?
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- long-term
-->Mononuclear cells: - lymphocytes - plasma cells - histiocytes |
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Definition of Inflammation:
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Definition of Inflammation:
"A coordinated series of events that is designed to neutralize, destroy, isolate and remove injurious agent from tissue, clean out necrotic debris, and initiate tissue repair." |
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What are the 3 phases of Inflammation:
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1. Initiation
2. Amplification 3. Termination |
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What is required to resolve inflammation:
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to resolve inflammation, the stimuli must be removed!
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What are the two possible outcomes of inflammation?
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What are the two possible outcomes of inflammation?
Resolution or Chronic |
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Define Abscess:
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Abscess:
Localized accumulation of puss |
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Define Cellulitis:
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Cellulitis:
a diffuse infection/ inflammation of soft tissue |
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What are the 3 phases of acute inflammation?
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What are the 3 phases of acute inflammation?
1. Initiation 2. Amplification 3. Termination |
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Acute inflammation:
1. Initiation |
Acute inflammation:
1. Initiation - comprises changes to small vessels (microcirculation) in the area of injury - loss of fluid from the blood - movement of white blood cells to injured area 1. VASOCONSTRICTION: - constriction of the microcirculation (arterioles, capillaries, and venues) --> serves to control bleeding - chemical mediators are released to start infl. process 2. VASODILATION: -> is the increase in diameter so that more blood (hyperemia) & nutrients can be brought 3. PERMEABLE -> blood vessel become permeable --> forming gaps between the cells PLASMA FLUID & WHITE BLOOD CELLS --> travel out of the vessel and to injury to clear the area -> of dead and injured cells and foreign bodies ----> the skin becomes red, warm and swollen Swelling/ EDEMA is caused by the plasma fluid flowing out of the now more permeable vessels--> fluid called EXUDATE -------continues next slide --------- |
Initiation:
4. VASCULAR STASIS - slowing down blood flow through affected vessels - blood becomes thicker and viscous - allows more nutrient to be removed from blood and brought to affected tissue --> but slows removal of waste products Slower blood flow causes --> RED BLOOD CELLS to move towards center of the blood vessels ---> while WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES/ PMNs) move to the lining/ ENDOTHELIUM --> called MARGINATION (4a) --> they bounce against the endothelium --> called ROLLING and stick to the endothilium called ADHESION/ PAVEMENTING (4b) and squeeze through the gaps between the cells of vessels called TRANSMIGRATION/ EMIGRATION (4c) --> PMN leave blood vessel and migrate to the injured area --> CHEMOTAXIS (5) --> PMNs remove and destroy foreign substances |
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Acute inflammation:
2. Amplification |
Acute inflammation:
2. Amplification - action of chem. substances --> direct different white blood cells - increased response - quickly neutralize the stimuli - clean up debris |
Amplification
- begins when the first PMNs gather at the injury - some pathogens are resistant and difficult to remove OPSONIZATION (6) --> allows PMNs to destroy & remove resistant organisms --> those pathogens are prepared by chem. substances called OPSONINS --> found in exudate OPSONIN --> exmp. IMMUNOGLOBULINS (antibodies) --> forein matter is removed and digested by PMNs --> PHAGOCYTOSIS |
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Acute inflammation:
3. Termination |
Acute inflammation:
3. Termination - requires other chem. now to stop the inflammatory process - if it continues unhindered it will produce more injury than the initial injury |
3. Termination
--> foreign material and cellular debris are removed from body by lymphatic system (8) |
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Exudate
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Exudate
- fluid from blood vessels - contains chemical mediators and nutrients for white blood cells - dilute toxic substances - contains enzymes that neutralize toxic substances --> can cause edema if in large amounts |
Padilla:
- dilutes toxind - entraps and washes away injurious agents - supports inflammatory cells |
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Forms of Exudates
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1. Serous
2. Purulent or Suppurative 3. Fibrinous |
1. Serous - watery (burns, friction)
2. Purulent or Suppurative (PMN rich) --> puss, pyogenic 3. Fibrinous --> sticky (immune & fisical) --> skin (crust or scab) --> wet mucosa (white coating or pseudomembrane) |
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Vascular Stasis
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Vascular Stasis
- step in inflam. process - slowing of blood flow in injured area - removes nutrient from blood to tissue - but slows down waste removal |
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Hypermia
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Hypermia
- more blood |
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Which blood cells are involved in inflammation process?
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Which blood cells are involved in inflammation process?
White Blood Cells: leukocytes / PMNs |
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What are PMN?
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What are PMN?
1.White blood cells 2. Leukocytes 3. Neutrophils |
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What does PMN stands for?
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What does PMN stands for?
Poly-morpho-nuclear neutrophils |
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What is called leukocytes?
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What is called leukocytes?
Different name for White blood cells |
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What are the two classes of leukocytes?
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What are the two classes of leukocytes?
1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes |
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What belong to the class of Granulocytes?
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1. Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PNM)
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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What are the characteristics of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PNM)?
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1. Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PNM)
--> granulocytes --> first cell to arrive at acute inflammation - active in fighting bacterial & fungal infections - motile phagocytes --> attracted by chemotactic factors |
Padilla:
- Bone marrow - Circulate in blood - no or few mitochondria - 2-7 days outside blood - inflammation shortens their life span - can function in anaerobic condition - release chemotactic agents and granule contents upon death |
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What are the characteristics of Eosinophils & Basophils?
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What are the characteristics of Eosinophils & Basophils?
-->granulocytes --> important in inflammation related to allergic reactions |
in addition --> Eosinophils are active in fighting off parasitic infections like tapeworms
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Who are the Agranulocytes?
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1. Lymphocytes (lymphoid Cells)
2. Monolymphocytes = Monocytes = Macrophages |
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What are the characteristics of Agranulocytes?
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Agranulocytes:
- more active in later stage of acute inflammatory process - longer-lived (several months, opposed to 6-9 hr.) - slower in response to chem. mediators |
Padilla:
Monocytes - origin in bone marrow - circulate in blood - capable of aerobic metabolism - long lifespan - become phagocytic - have chemotactic reseptors - PMN's and lymphokines (from T lymphocytes) - become macrophages with vacuoles - lysosomal digestion, storage or "defecation" |
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What are the characteristics of Monocytes?
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- circulate with blood until enter "specific" tissue and become fixed
- differentiate into macrophages |
many different macrophages monocytes that become fixed in:
=> in liver = Kupffer cell => in CT = histiocytes => in tuberculosis = Langhans cells => in rheumatic fever = Aschoff |
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What are the characteristics of Lymphocytes?
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What are the characteristics of Lymphocytes?
- found in the lymph system - important in immune system |
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What are Mast Cells?
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- NOT leukocytes
- formed in bone marrow - travels through circulatory system to tissue here it matures - stay in CT close to vessels - contain HISTAMINE --> important chem mediator |
- have granules in their cytoplasm, like basophils (Granulocytes)
- histamine is released when granules break open |
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What are Prostaglandis?
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What are Prostaglandis?
- chemical mediator - synthesized by all leukocytes - causes vasodilation - increased vascular permeability - increased feelings of pain - cause bronchoconstriction - smooth muscle contraction - elevate body temperature |
- associated with tissue destruction in periodontal disease
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What are Cytokines?
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What are Cytokines?
- produced by macrophages and some lymphocytes |
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What are the Cytokines active in inflammatory process?
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What are the Cytokines active in inflammatory process?
1. Chemokines 2. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) 3. Interleukin - 1 (IL-1) |
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What are the effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukin - 1 (IL-1) during inflammatory process?
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What are the effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukin - 1 (IL-1) during inflammatory process?
- produce fever - increase need for sleep - decrease appetite - increase leukocyte adherence - prostaglandis synthesis - fibroblast production |
- associated with tissue destruction in periodontal disease
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