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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or false: Cells are unable to pass growth advantages on to daughter cells.
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false
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What does "relative autonomy" mean?
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Neoplastic cells are still dependent on/respond to the environment.
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"Cancer" refers to a _________ neoplasm.
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malignant
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True or false: Benign neoplasms can cause morbidity and even mortality.
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true
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A malignant neoplasm that arises from epithelial cells is called a __________.
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carcinoma
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A malignant neoplasm that arises from mesenchymal cells is called a ____________.
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sarcoma
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The contiguous growth of a neoplasm beyond its site of origin is called ________.
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invasion
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What makes a neoplasm dysplastic?
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If it has features of malignancy or a high likelihood of behaving malignantly in the future.
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When is a tumor considered truly malignant?
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When it has moved beyond the tissue of origin.
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True or false: during invasion, malignant cells degrade the surrounding tissue.
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true
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What type of enzymes help malignant cells degrade surrounding tissues?
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proteinases
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What is the term for non-contiguous spread of malignant cells throughout the body?
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metastasis
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The ability of malignant cells to grow through a vessel is called _________.
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intravasation
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The ability of malignant cells to migrate back out of a vessel at a distant site is called __________.
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extravasation
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The tumor's ability to stimulate growth of its own blood supply is known as _____________.
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angiogenesis
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The degree of resemblance of a neoplasm to its tissue of origin is called _______.
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differentiation
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True or false: cells are much more likely to be malignant if they are identical to the cells in the tissue of origin.
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false
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If it is not possible to tell the tissue of origin of metastatic tells, the cells are called _________.
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anaplastic
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True or false: a tumor can be benign and still metastasize.
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false (benign tumors are by definition not metastatic)
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_________ __________ are much more numerous in malignant neoplasms than in benign ones.
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mitotic figures
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True or false: malignant cells have large nuclei in relation to scant cytoplasm.
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true
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Name the staging system and list the characteristic associated with each letter.
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T: extent of local growth or characteristics of the tumor itself
N: extension to lymph nodes M: presence of distant organ metastases |
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True or false: Staging criteria is the same for all types of cancer.
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false
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List the four generalizations about malignant neoplasms.
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1. Cancer is a disease of genes
2. Cancer is clonal 3. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process 4. There are eight basic functions in cells commonly corrupted in the pathway to cancer |
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Genes that are altered during the lifetime of the individual are called ________ mutations.
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somatic
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True or false; A populations of malignant cells is ultimately derived from a single mutated cell.
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true
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Why do most cancers occur in older people?
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The cumulative effect of the genetic alterations during a lifetime lead to a malignant phenotype.
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What types of proteins have genes that can be proto-oncogenes?
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1) growth factors 2) growth factor receptors 3) signal transducing molecules 4) transcription factors 5) cell cycle proteins
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An ___________ is the mutated and constitutively active form of the proto-oncogene.
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oncogene
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True or false: It only takes a mutation in one or two alleles of the proto-oncogene to cause altered protein function.
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True
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True or false: Tumor suppressor genes are normally present in the cell in the activated state.
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True
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Mutations in tumor suppressor genes affect functionality by causing them to ______________.
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lose functionality
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What is the most common tumor suppressor gene to be mutated?
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p53
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How does p53 act as a molecular policeman?
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When it detects DNA damage, it halts the cell in its cycle and recruits DNA repair machinery to reverse the damage.
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True or false: Only one allele of the p53 needs to be mutated for the protein to lose functionality.
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false
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What type of cancers are often characterized by alterations in anti-apoptopic molecules.
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B-cell lymphomas
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Name the type of cancer associated with a mutation in the following tumor suppressor genes: 1) APC 2) NF1 3) RB 4) P16/INK4 5) BRCA1
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1) colon cancer 2) neurofibromitosis 3) retinoblastoma 4) melanoma 5) breast cancer
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Name the type of cancer associated with each of the following oncogenes: 1) TGFA 2) ERBB1 3) PDGF 4) KRAS 5) BRAF 6) c-MYC 7) Cyclin D
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1) Hepatocellular carcinoma 2) squamous cell carcinoma of the lung 3) leukemia 4) colon cancer 5) melanoma 6) Burkitt lymphoma 7) mantle cell lymphoma
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What happens with DNA repair mechanisms are not functional?
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The cell accumulates damage throughout the genome, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
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True or false: Some cells or subclones within a cancer are immortal
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true
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Name the eight basic functions in cells commonly corrupted in the pathway to cancer.
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1) self-sufficiency in growth signals 2) Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory stimuli 3) Evasion of apoptosis 4) Defective DNA repair 5) Limitless replicative potential 6) angiogenesis 7) ability to invade and metastasize 8) Evasion of the immune system
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Inherited altered gene expression is called ______________.
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Familial cancer syndrome
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True or false: When a person inherits a defective gene, they will always develop cancer.
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false
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Name the cancer associated with the following familial cancer genes 1) RB 2) p53 3) APC 4) BRCA1
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1) Retinoblastoma 2) Li-Fraumeni syndrome 3) Familial adenomatous polyposis 4) Familial breast and ovarian cancers
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What are the three steps required for development of cancer in the chemical exposure setting?
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1) Initiation 2) Promotion 3) Progression
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Name the cancers associated with each of the following carcinogens: 1) tobacco smoke 2) azo dyes 3) asbestos 4) benzene 5) vinyl chloride 6) estrogen
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1) lung cancer 2) bladder cancer 3) mesothelioma 4) leukemia 5) angiosarcoma (liver) 6) uterine cancer
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The appearance of permanent DNA damage in the cell is known as the _______ step.
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initiation
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The step in which agents stimulate proliferation of damaged cells is the ________ step.
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promotion
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The step in which proliferated cells are driven to cancer is called the _______ step.
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progression
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True or false: it doesn't matter in which order promotion and initiation of chemical carcinogenesis happens; cancer will result either way.
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false
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True or false: damaged incurred by radiation is dose-dependent.
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true
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UVB light causes DNA damage by forming what structures?
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pyrimidine dimers
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UV light is known to cause which cancers?
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squamous and basal cell carcinomas
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Ionizing radiation (from nuclear accidents) is known to cause which cancers?
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leukemia, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer.
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What is the only bacterium that has been identified as a carcinogen in humans?
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Helicobacter pylori
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What three processes are involved in microbial oncogenesis?
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1) insertion of viral DNA into the host genome
2) expression of viral proteins that alter cell function 3) stimulation of chronic inflammation |
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Name the cancer associated with each of the following microbes: 1) HPV 2) EBV 3) HBV 4) Helicobacter pylori 5) Human T-cell leukemia virus Type 1
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1) cervical cancer 2) Burkitt lymphoma 3) hepatocellular carcinoma 4) gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma 5) T-cell leukemia (duh)
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What are the three most common causes of cancer death in the US?
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lung, breast/prostate, and colon
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What factors influence when and where cancers develop?
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age of patient, sex of patient, racial variation, geographic variation, rate and pattern of growth and spread, risk factors, and genetic disposition
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True or false: all cancers affect all age groups the same
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false
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Give an example of racial variation of cancer.
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Blacks are more likely to develop squamous cell cancer of the esophagus as well as prostate carcinoma.
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Give an example of geographic variation of cancer.
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1) Gastric and hepatocellular carcinomas are more common in China
2) Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the most common cancer in sub-Saharan Africa 3) Breast cancer is more rare in developing nations than in the US |
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True or false: Different cancers often have tendencies to metastasize to specific locations.
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true
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_________ prevention refers to early detection and effective treatment.
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tertiary
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Most cancers are treated with a combination of _______, ________, and ________.
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Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
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What is the basic idea of molecular therapy?
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Instead of killing all rapidly dividing cells, only the cells that express a particular, dysregulated protein are targeted.
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________ prevention refers to "management" of risk factors.
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secondary
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__________ prevention refers to avoidance of the development of risk factors in the first place.
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primary
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