Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What determines a tumor grade?
|
Microscopic features (cytology or histology).
|
|
Describe the differentiation of a low grade and a high grade tumor.
|
Low - well-differentiated. High - poorly differentiated and/or anaplastic.
|
|
How does the N:C ratio change as malignancies progress?
|
N:C ratio increases as malignancy progresses.
|
|
What does cancer staging indicate?
|
The degree of cancer spread; assigned at time of dx.
|
|
Which tumor characteristic is a better correlate to clinical outcomes?
|
Tumor staging.
|
|
What are the three criteria for tumor staging?
|
Primary tumor size, involved lymph nodes (regional), and distant metastases.
|
|
When do you analyze tissue in a frozen section?
|
Pt. still on table, needing a presumptive dx before proceeding with procedure.
|
|
What is the drawback to using a frozen section?
|
Can have poor morphology.
|
|
Intercellular bridge are a hallmark of __.
|
SCC.
|
|
The keratin pearl and pearlescent quality upon PE indicate __.
|
SCC.
|
|
Upon immunohistochemistry, blue is __.
|
Bad. Indicates lots of dna present.
|
|
In order to categorize undifferentiated tumors, leukemias and lymphomas you use __.
|
Immunohistochemistry.
|
|
What can immunohistochemistry help you determine and detect?
|
Determine site of origin of metastatic tumors and detect molecules that could help with therapy.
|
|
How do immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry use antibodies differently?
|
IHC uses antibodies indirectly. FC uses antibodies directly.
|
|
Flow cytometry can identify __ and determine __.
|
Identify cell surface antigens and determine ploidy.
|
|
This ancillary study can help subtype leukemias and lymphomas.
|
Flow cytometry.
|
|
Molecular diagnosis helps you with one obvious things and three others.
|
1. Diagnosis 2. Prognosis 3. Detection of minimal residual disease 4. Hereditary predisposition to cancer
|
|
Serum markers are quite useful for four things but should NEVER be used as __ __.
|
Useful for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring therapeutic outcomes. NEVER use them as primary diagnostic testing.
|
|
hGC.
|
Germ cell tumor.
|
|
Calcitonin.
|
Medullary cancer of thyroid.
|
|
Catecholamines and metabolites.
|
Pheochromocytoma.
|
|
Ectopic hormones.
|
Small cell carcinoma.
|
|
CEA - carcinoembryonic antigen.
|
Colon, stomach, and pancreas cancer.
|
|
CA-19-9.
|
Colon and pancreatic cancer.
|
|
CA-15-3.
|
Breast cancer.
|
|
Immunoglobulins.
|
Plasma cell myeloma.
|
|
Keratins.
|
Carcinomas.
|
|
Desmin.
|
Muscle tumors (smooth and striated).
|
|
Vimentin.
|
Mesenchymal tumors.
|
|
Glial filaments.
|
Glial tumors.
|
|
Neurofilaments.
|
Neuronal tumors.
|
|
N-myc.
|
Neuroblastomas.
|
|
Bcl-2.
|
Lymphomas.
|
|
Neuron-specific enolase.
|
Small cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma.
|
|
Cathepsin D, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor.
|
Breast cancer.
|
|
CDs.
|
Lymphomas and leukemias.
|
|
Kappa or lambda light chains.
|
Multiple myeloma.
|