Parasitology (Veterinary) Helminthology

Front 1

Common liver fluke latin name?

Back 1

Fasciola hepatica

Front 2

What disease are included in fascioloisis?

Back 2

Liver fluke disease,

Hepatic ditomatosis

Distomatoisis

Liver Rot.

Front 3

Which fascioloa spp occurs in tropical/subtropical zones?

Back 3

Fasciola gigantica (Large liver fluke) (2-8cm)

(f. hepatica - common- temperate) (2-3cm)

Front 4

Size of F.hepatica egg?

50um

150um

200um

500um

Back 4

150 um

Front 5

What spp does fasciola infect?

Back 5

Euryxen species, meaning that it infects multiple host species (Ru, guinea pig, dog, cat, humans etc.)

Front 6

Back 6

Fasciola hepatica

2-3cm

Found in : Bile ducts (gall bladder), occasionally other organs, e.g. lungs (ECTOPIC) (the migrating parasites will die here after causing severe tissue damage first)

Eggs: oval, operculated, golden yellow, large (130-145 µm), with zygote completely filling the egg when passed in feces

Front 7

Back 7

F.hepatica egg.

Characteristic yellow eggs with operculum.

Eggs: oval, operculated, golden yellow, large (130-145 µm), with zygote completely filling the egg when passed in feces (pp10-12w)

F.gigantica - (156-200um) (12w)

Diagnosis - difficult - SEDIMENTATION

Front 8

Which spp has the lowest resistance to Fasciola?

Cattle

Sheep

Man

Pig

Horse

Dog

Back 8

Sheep (goat)(rabbit)

high establishment rate, rapid development, long survival (acute cases often seen - on eggs in acute infections):

Delayed resistance: cattle, buffalo, camel, deer, roedeer, moufflon, guinea pig, man, etc.

Early resistance: horse, pig, dog, cat, etc. (usually not complete life cycles in the horse)

Front 9

What spp and what is it the intermediate host for?

Back 9

Lymnaea truncatula in Europe, highlands of Africa”the dwarf pond snail”: prefers wet mud to free watercapable of aestivation, hibernation (3-5mm)

F.hepatica (intermed host)

(Lymnae tomentosa and L. columella in Australia, New Zealandmore adapted to the aquatic life )

Front 10

What is the intermediate host of F.gigantica?

L. tomentosa

L. auricularia

L. columella

L.truncatula

Back 10

Lymnaea auricularia - F.gigantica int. host

(also L.viridis)

Front 11

Where will Lymnaea spp best reproduce?

Banks of ditches,

Streams

Lake shores.

Rain ponds

Back 11

Rain ponds Temporary (secondary) biotops of Lymnaea spp.

NB

Hoof marks, wheel ruts, rain pondsShallow water surfaces on pasture

Front 12

Detecting Radiae stage/infected snails?

Back 12

Mark snails (100 min) in specified area of pasture - watch for movement - indicates infection.

Screen from mid aug onwards.

Front 13

What is the infective stage of the Fasciola lifecycle?

Cercariae

Metacercariae

Back 13

MC - METACERCARIAE

CE (cercariae) are shed by the snails at rainy events, and encyst to become MC (metacercariae- infective stage, 0.2-0.3 mm) on vegetation.

Front 14

Main predliection site for young fluke penetration.

Duodenum

Jejuneum

Ileum

Bilary duct

Back 14

mainly jejunum

Young flukes penetrate the small intestinal wall (mainly jejunum and to a smaller extent ileum) and the liver capsule by day 4-6Then they migrate and feed on liver tissue for 4-7 weeks before entering the bile ducts where they become adults.

Front 15

Order of Fluke lifecycle?

Egg.Miracardium .Sporocyst.Rediae.Cercariae.Metacercariae.Juvenile Fluke. Adult

Egg.Cercariae . Sporocyst.Rediae.Miracardium .Metacercariae.Juvenile Fluke. Adult

Egg. Cercariae .Sporocyst. Rediae. Miracardium .Metacercariae. Cercariae. Juvenile Fluke. Adult

Back 15

Egg. Miracardium .Sporocyst.Rediae (mother/daughter) .Cercariae.Metacercariae.Juvenile Fluke. Adult

E  MI  SPO  RE1  RE2  CE  MC  A

8-12 week lifecycle.

Front 16

Miracidium(MI)

Back 16

Miracidium(MI) – a ciliated larva – develops in the egg within 2 weeks (at optimal temp higher than 10oC). (9d inF.hep, 17d in F.gig)

It is liberated in the water through the operculum (stimulated by light). Here, it must find a suitable snail within 3 hours to be able to penetrate it successfully.

Front 17

Rediae (RE)

Back 17

Rediae develop with paedogenesis within the sporocyst. They are motile, have a gut and a characteristic outbuilding on the surface. These will migrate to hepato-pancreas of the snail.

Front 18

Cercariae (CE)

Back 18

Cercariae (CE) arise with long tail, head part, suckers in oral part. The develop from the germinal cells of the radia (or under unsuitable environmental conditions, a second generation of radiae develop)

Once a snail is infected and stays alive, cercariae are produced indefinitelyThe development within the snail is aprox 8 weeks.

Front 19

Metacercariae (MC)

Back 19

Metacercariae (MC) is ingested by the host as it eats infected grass or hay. The outer cyst wall is removed by mastication, while the inner cyst wall is removed by environmental stimuli in the intestine. (juvenile fluke released)

The cercariae are motile and attach themselves to firm surfaces, such as grass blades. They shed their tail and encyst there to form the infective metacercariae.

Front 20

How long does it take for a juvenile fluke to reach effected organs?

1-2d

3-4d

4-6d

1-2w

Back 20

4-6d

After ingestion, the juvenile fluke (marita) penetrates the intestine and migrates to the liver via the abdominal cavity (takes approximately 4-6 days)

Front 21

How long does it take for juvenile fluke migration within liver parenchyma?

4-6d

1-2w

4-6w

1-2d

Back 21

4-6w

After ingestion, the juvenile fluke (marita) penetrates the intestine and migrates to the liver via the abdominal cavity (takes approximately 4-6 days)

This is followed by migration in the liver parenchyma for 4-6 weeks

Front 22

How long does it take for a juv. fluke to mature in the billary duct?

4-6d

4-6w

6-10days

10weeks

Back 22

10weeks

the fluke settles and reaches maturity in the biliary duct where they become adults (PE2 in approx. 10 weeks).

Front 23

Where does summer faciolosis occur?

Back 23

Mild climates

In regions of milder climate overwintering of fluke larvae in snails is also possible giving rise to the appearance of MC on pasture from spring or early summer (summer fasciolosis). The overwintering is due to the snails’ ability to hibernate.

normally faciolosis occurs from August onwards.

Front 24

Which spp normally has the chronic form of faciolosis?

Sheep

Goat

Cattle

Horse

Back 24

Cattle Crhonic normally 200-500 4-5 months

(acute ->2000 MC) 2-6weeks

Front 25

What spp will you see submandibular oedema as a CS of faciolosis?

Cattle

Horse

Deer

Sheep

Back 25

Sheep

Front 26

Back 26

Acute fascioliosis - PM

Liver is enlarged, haemorrhagic, covered with fibrinous exudate, friableTraumatic tracts of migrating young flukes of (1-7 mm in size)Necropsy studies most reliable

IMP!!! There are NO eggs in the faeces!!!!!!!

Front 27

Back 27

Chronic fascioliosis - liver (MOST COMMON)

Liver has a irregular outline, is pale and firm

Bile ducts visible due to chronic cholangitis

In cattle: calcification of the bile duct and enlargement of the gall bladder.

These ducts often protrude from the liver surface giving rise to the term “pipe-stem liver”.Adult flukes found in bile ducts

Front 28

Treatment of acute faciolosis?

Back 28

Treat with triclabendazole, the only flukicide which shows 90-100 % efficacy against both early immature and mature Fasciola species.

NB Stop grazing! Move immediately to fluke-free pastures or stables

Front 29

Back 29

fasciola magna - Large American liver fluke

(Americas - central EU)

low signif, except Ov/Cap

2-10cm

eggs 110-160um

Definitive host (deer) – eggs

Aberran host (sheep, goat)Mortality during the acute phase

Paratenic host (cattle) – no eggs

Front 30

Which spp. of fluke is encapsulated in liver?

F. gigantica

F.hepatica

F.magna

Back 30

In deer and cattle, flukes tend to be encapsulated in the liver by host reaction and are less pathogenic.

In sheep and goats, worms may migrate constantly in the liver tissue causing traumatic hepatitis which may be fatal. Affected sheep usually die within 6 month.

Front 31

Blood fluke disease

Back 31

Schistosomatidosis (bilharziosis)

tropical/subtropical

Low vet sig.

hosts as cattle, sheep, goat and camel

HIGH PUBLIC HEALTH sig

Front 32

Back 32

Female and male schistosoma

0.5-3.0 cm long, thread-like in shape, sexual dimorphism,

Front 33

Back 33

Schisotstomatidosis

Eggs are 130-280 μm in size,

spindle-shaped or spiny; contain MI when passed out in faeces or urine Larvae gets through the wall of the blood vessel  abdominal cavity  into

Front 34

Back 34

Schistomaditosis (blood fluke) forked CE

Front 35

3. How many cm is Fasciola Hepatica?

Back 35

2-3cm

Front 36

Where are the adult rumen flukes found during acute paramphistomatidiosis?

Back 36

Nowhere.

-because Adult rumen flukes aren't present in acute form.

Front 37

Where type of flukes are found during acute paramphistomatidiosis? Where?

Back 37

Juvenile form.

-in the Dodenum.

Front 38

Where can you find the Adult form of Fasciola Hepatica?

Back 38

Bile duct & Gallbladder

Front 39

Where can you find the Juvenile form of Fasciola Hepatica?

Back 39

SI -> Abdominal Cavity -> Liver

Front 40

What color are the eggs of F. Hepatica?

Back 40

Golden Yellow

Front 41

Where do F. Hepatica flukes reach maturity?

-In the liver parenchyma

-In the bile ducts

-In the intestine

-In the rumen

Back 41

Bile ducts & Rumen

Front 42

What is the lifecycle of F. Hepatica within the Snail?

Back 42

MI - SPO - RE 1 - RE 2 - CE

- Snail is the Intermediate host within which this lifecycle takes place.

- Metacercaria is ingested by host.

Front 43

What is the lifecycle of D. Dendriticum within the Snail?

Back 43

Eggs containing MI - SPO 1 - SPO 2 - CE

Front 44

What is the result of FEC in acute Fasciolosis?

Back 44

No eggs are present in acute form.

Front 45

What is the result of FEC test in chronic Fasciolosis?

Back 45

Eggs may be detected sometimes.

Front 46

What are two symptoms of Ru having subacute Fasciolosis?

-Peritonitis & Progressive haemorrhagic anemia

-Anemia & Jaundice

-Oedema under the jaw & Ataxia

-Coughing and Sneezing

Back 46

- Peritonitis & Progressive Haemorrhagic Anemia

Also:

- Haemorrhagic Hepatitis, Perotinitis, Enlarged Liver, Moderate Cholangitis, Liver Fibrosis

- Loss of Appetite & Weight

- Liver failure & Death (4-8 week course)

Front 47

Which is the infective form for the final host in the life cycle of Dicrocoelium?

•Metacercaria in an ant

•Miracidium

•Cercaria in the snail

•Cercaria in the ant

Back 47

•Metacercaria in an ant

Front 48

Which answer is correct?

•Acute fasciolosis is frequent in sheep and rare in cattle?

•Adult rumen flukes are passing with manure? •Acute Dicrocoeliosis can cause death?•Intermediate host of F. Hepatica is the water snail?

Back 48

•Acute fasciolosis is frequent in sheep and rare in cattle.

Note: Intermediate host of F. Hepatica is NOT the water snail, rather it is the Amphibian snail.

Front 49

What is the most effective drug against Flukes?

Back 49

- Trichlabendazole

Front 50

How to detect Paramphistomonas eggs?

Back 50

- Sedimentation

Front 51

Size of Paramphistomonas egg?

Back 51

150 µm

Front 52

What is the color of Rumen fluke eggs?

Back 52

- Colorless

Front 53

Which statement is true?

•Intermediate host of Calicophoron Spp. are Planorbidae snails

•L. Truncatula can be the intermediate host of D. Dendriticum

•Adult tapeworms are found in small and large intestine of dogs

•Tegumentum is smooth on adult F. Hepatica

Back 53

•Intermediate host of Calicophoron Spp. are Planorbidae snails

Front 54

The Eggs of this parasite are 120-180µm, colorless, zygote containing, percolated.

-What is it ?

Back 54

- Rumen fluke

Front 55

What size are the eggs of Dicrocoeliidae?

Back 55

50µm

Front 56

Where can you find the adults of Dicrocoeliidae?

Back 56

In the bile ducts of the liver. NOT the parenchyma!

Front 57

Where do we find D.Dendriticum Adults during the necropsy?

Back 57

Bile duct

Front 58

Color of D. Dendriticum Fluke eggs?

Back 58

Dark Brown

Front 59

What is the damage caused to the liver by D.Dendriticum?

Back 59

None, as they are only in the bile ducts and not the liver parenchyma.

Front 60

The eggs of which species contains miracidium?

Back 60

D. Dendriticum

Front 61

What is the lifecycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in the intermediate host?

Back 61

MI - SPO 1 - SPO 2 - CE

- IM host = Terrestrial snails + Ants

Front 62

What is the lifecycle of Schistosoma species in the intermediate host?

Back 62

MI - SPO 1 - SPO 2 - CE

- These are Blood Flukes

Front 63

What is the life cycle of Paramphistomatidosis in the intermediate host?

Back 63

MI - SPO - RE - CE

- IM is Freshwater or Amphibious Snail

- This is Rumen Fluke Disease

Front 64

How can you diagnose ACUTE Paramphistomatidosis?

•FEC with flotation

•FEC with sedimentation

•Serological method

•Necropsy

Back 64

•Necropsy

- Microscopial examination

- NO EGGS present in ACUTE

Front 65

How can you diagnose CHRONIC Paramphistomatidosis?

Back 65

•FEC

•Necropsy

Front 66

What is the name of the infective stage of blood flukes?

Back 66

•Furocercaria

Front 67

Which flukes do NOT occur in the Intestines?

•Fasciola hepatica

•Dicrocoelium dendriticum

•Paramphistomum spp.

•Alaria alata

Back 67

•Fasciola hepatica

•Dicrocoelium dendriticum

•Paramphistomum spp.

(Alaria alata DOES occur in the SI)

Front 68

Which animals(s) has/have low resistance against F.hepatica?

•Rabbit

•Sheep

•Goat

•Human

Back 68

•Rabbit

•Sheep

•Goat

- Also Mouse + Rat

Front 69

The Avermectins are NOT effective against.

•Flukes

•Tapeworms

•Roundworms

•Protozoans

Back 69

•Flukes

•Tapeworms

•Protozoans

Front 70

The final hosts become infected by blood flukes..

•by eating Metacercariae

•Intrauterine

•by eating the intermediate hosts

•through the skin

Back 70

•Through the skin

Front 71

How do the offspring of the blood flukes get out from the final host?

•as Eggs

•as Metacercariae

•as Miracidia

•as Cercariae

Back 71

•as Eggs

- contain MI when passed in feces or urine

- blood flukes shed eggs from horses

Front 72

Which developmental stages of the blood flukes occur in the snail?

•2 generations of Rediae

•Miracidium and Cercaria

•Sporocyst and Cercaria

• Rediae and Cercaria

Back 72

• Sporocyst and Cercaria

(Infective stage Furocercaria, per cutan or PO)

Front 73

What fluke does NOT cause traumatic hepatitis?

Back 73

Lenceolate fluke (= dicrocoelium dendriticum)

Front 74

How many intermediate hosts does the Lanceolate fluke have?

Back 74

•2

(Lanceolate fluke = dicrocoelium dendrtiticum)

Front 75

How many Intemediate Hosts in alaria alata?

Back 75

•2 (Freshwater snails + Tadpoles)

(These are eaten by frog/snakes/mice, which are in turn eaten by dog)

Front 76

How does the blood fluke leave the body?

Back 76

•Eggs

Front 77

Back 77

paramphistomum cervi

Front 78

Back 78

dicrocoelium dentriticum egg

Front 79

Back 79

dicrocoelium dentriticum egg

Front 80

Back 80

dicrocoelium dentriticum

Front 81

Back 81

dicrocoelium dentriticum

Front 82

dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle

Back 82

Front 83

Back 83

fasciola gigantica

Front 84

Back 84

Fasciola hepatica

Front 85

Back 85

Fasciola hepatica

Front 86

Back 86

Fasciola hepatica

Front 87

Back 87

fasciola hepatica egg capsule with emerging miracidium

Front 88

Back 88

fasciola hepatica egg

Front 89

Back 89

fasciola hepatica embryonated egg

Front 90

Back 90

fasciola hepatica unembryonated egg

Front 91

fasciola hepatica life cycle

Back 91

Front 92

fasciola hepatica life cycle

Back 92

Front 93

Back 93

fasciola sp