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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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three components of a fecal exam
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gross exam,direct smear, fecal flotation
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purpose of performing fecal flotation
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to concentrate the parasite ova, and protozoal oocysts, and it decreases the chance of false negatives are likely to happen with a direct smear
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genus name for dog and cat tapeworm
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Taenia
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species name for canine whipworm
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Trichuris vulpis
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species name for feline ascarid
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Toxocara cati
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species name for canine ascarid
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Toxocara canis
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species name for hookworm
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Ancylostoma caninum
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species name for flea tapeworm
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Diplydium caninum
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fecal debris, many tapeworm ova and most flukes
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what three things have specific gravities of over 1.300 and requires fecal sedimentation
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the substances weight compared to and equal amount of distilled water
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what is specific gravity
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how much does one milliliter of distilled water weigh?
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1 gram
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which fecal solution causes the least distortion of ova and tends to be the most popular in veterinary offices
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Sheathers sugar solution
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specific gravity of Sheathers solution
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1.275
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specific gravity of salt solution
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1.200
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specific gravity of sodium nitrate
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1.200
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specific gravity of zinc sulfate
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1.180
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which fecal flotation is best for looking for Giardia and lungworm larvae
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zinc sulfate
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which solution corrodes the equipment and severely distorts the parasite ova
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Salt solution
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which solution is used for ovassay
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zinc sulfate
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which solution is used for simple flotation and centrifugal flotation
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sodium nitrate
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genus name of canine stomach worms
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Physaloptera
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which order do flukes belong to
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Trematode
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steps to performing a standand sedimentation fecal exam
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1. feces and TAP WATER mixed well together
2. pour the mixture through gauze into a conical tube only about 3/4 of the way because it will go in sideways 3. put it in the balanced centrifuge for 5 min. 4. pull out and use a pipette for material from the top of the sediment, place on slide with coveslip 5. pipette for bottom of sediment and coverslip on same slide 6. examine under low power and high dry |
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steps to performing a modified sedimentation fecal exam
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1. mixture of feces and tap water in a beaker
2. strain through gauze into another beaker or conical tube 3. let sit undisturbed for 5-10 min and pour off the supernatant 4. repeat the procedure 3-5x or until the supernatant is clear 5. pour the sedinment into a petri dish and examine under SCANNING for fluke ova |
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what is the baermann technique used for
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isolate and identify live nematode larvae
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purpose of the cellophane tape procedure
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to collect pinworm ova
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steps to the cellophane tape procedure
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1. place a drop of water on a microscope slide
2. wrap a piece of cellophane tape around a tongue depressor, sticky side out 3. roll the tongue depressor around the perianal are, try to get in the grooves. 4. place the cellophane tape on the water on the slide sticky side down 5. examine under low and high dry |
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solution used when doing an ear smear
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mineral oil
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species name of lancet fluke
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Dicrocelium denditicum
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species name of the common liver fluke
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Fasciola hepatica
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species name of the hydatid tapeworm
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Echinicoccus granulosus
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Genus name of sheep tapeworm
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Moniezia
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genus name of thorny headed worms
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Macracanthorhynchus
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genus name of the pinworm
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Enterobius
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genus name of whipworm
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Trichuris
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species name of cat
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Felis catus
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species name of horse
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Equus caballus
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species name of cow
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Bos taurus
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species name of sheep
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Ovis aries
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species name of rabbit
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Lepus curpaeums
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species name of rat
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Rattus novvegicus
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steps to performing a proglottid press
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1. if proglottid is dry, soak in water for 1-4 hrs
2. place proglottid on slide 3. place 2nd slide on top and press until the proglottid ruptures 4. remove and tease apart if needed 5. evaluate under low power for ova or calcareous bodies |
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steps to a direct smear
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1.put 1 drop of saline solution of slide
2. take a very small amount of feces and smear into the saline 3. try to remove as much debris as carefully as possible 4. make sure there is coloration but clear enough to read newspaper through 5. put more saline if necessary and broad enough to cover the entire cover slip 6. place coverslip on and examine under low power |
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5 criteria on a label for fecal exam
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client name
animal I.D. in " " animal signalment time and date of collection method of collection |
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What does PPE stand for and what of it should always be used in lab
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Personal Protective Equipment. gloves
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3 things that should be done besides wearing gloves to avoid parasitology infection
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wash hands 2x
clean up station immediately no food or drink in lab |
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2 advantages of performing a direct smear
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fastest way to estimate parasite burden
quickly and easily performed using minimal equipment |
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2 disadvantages of performing a direct smear
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the amount of such small sample may yield false negatives
too much debris present to verify ova |
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species and common name
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Dipylidium caninum, flea tapeworm proglottid
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species name and common name
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Dipylidium caninum, flea tapeworm adult
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species and common name
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Echinococcus granulosus cyst, hydatid tapeworm
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species and common name
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Echinococcus granulosus ova
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species and common name
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Echinococcus granulosus adult
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species and common name
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Enterobius adult, pinworm
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species and common name
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Enterobius spp. ova
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species and common name
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Fasciola hepatica miracidium
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species and common name
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Fasciola hepatica ova
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species and common name
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Fasciola hepatica redia
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species and common name
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Fasciola hepatica metacercaria , common liver fluke
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species and common name
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Fasciola hepatica adult, common liver fluke
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species and common name
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Haemonchus adult
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species and common name
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Dicrocelium dendriticum, lancet liver fluke
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species and common name
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Macracanthorhynchus ova, thorny headed worm
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species and common name
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Macracanthorhynchus ova, thorny headed worm
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species and common name
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Moniezia spp, sheep tapeworm
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species and common name
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Taenia pisiformis proglottid, canine tapeworm proglottid
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species and common name
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Taenia pisiformis, canine tapeworm
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species and common name
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Toxacara canis adult, canine ascarid
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species and common name
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Toxacara spp. ova, canine ascarid ova
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species and common name
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Trichuris spp. , whipworm
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species and common name
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Trichuris spp. ova, Whipworm ova
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species and common name
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Dipylidium caninum, flea tapeworm ova
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species and common name
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Ascarid canis, roundworm ova
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species and common name
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Ancylostoma caninum, hookworm
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species and common name
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Eucoleus boehmi, lungworm ova
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species and common name
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Enterobius spp., pinworm ova
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species name and common name
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Dirofilaria immitis, canine heartworm
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what season is heartworm testing done
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spring every year
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two worms that produce microfilaria in dogs
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Dirofilaria immitis, Acanthocheilonema
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types of tests to identify heartworm
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microfilarial tests, direct microscopic exam, thin blood smear, buffy coat exam, antigen tests
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disadvantage of direct microscopic exam of whole blood
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differentiation is difficult and small amount may yield false negatives
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advantages of direct exam of whole blood
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rapid and easy
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direct microscopic exam of whole bood steps of procedure
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place one drop of fresh blood on a slide, apply coverslip
examine under low and look for movement |
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which heartworm test is routinely made while doing a CBC
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thin blood smear
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buffy coat exam procedure
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gently mix tube of blood in figure 8 motion
fill microcapillary tube about 1 cm from end put finger over end so no blood spills out wipe outside with a Kimwipe gently insert the filled end of tube in clay 2x to seal place ina centrifuge with clay toward the outside spin for 3 min place tube on stage of microscope examine under low and look for movement |
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advantages of ELISA test
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have high specificity and easy to differentiate between Dirolfilaria and Acanthocheilonema
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disadvantage of ELISA test
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antigens are only tested with adult females, so they may yield false negatives,
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steps to a snap test ELISA
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in blood stored in fridge, sit in room temp for 30 min
with provided pipette place 3 drops into new sample tube hold bottle verticle, add 4 drops of conjugate to sample tube cap sample tube, mix thoroughly by inverting 3-5x place on horizontal surface, add enite contents on sample well sample will flow. when color first appears, push the activator firmly determine + or - results |
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species name and common name
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Ancylostoma caninum, canine hookworm
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species name
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Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum
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genus and common name
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Haemonchus, Barber pole worm
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species and common name
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Trichuris vulpis, canine whipworm adult
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species and common name
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Trichuris vulpis ova, whipworm ova
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species and common name
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Ancylostoma caninum adult
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species name
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Mycoplasma haemofelis
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common name ova
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coccidia
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common name cyst
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Giardia cyst
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common name
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Giardia Trophozoite
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genus name
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Ehrlichia
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species and common name
what animals(s) does this protozoan infect |
Tritrichomonas foetus
cats and cows |
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which diagnostic test is the best for diagnosing protozoans, which solution is essential and why
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Direct smear, saline because protozoans are very delicate and saline maintains the morphology and allows for movement if they are trophozoites
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genus name
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Balantidium
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which fecal FLOTATION solution is the best to use for cysts like Giardia
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Zinc sulfate
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which stains are most effective for diagnoses of coccidia
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acid-fast stain or trichome stain
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which stain is best for diagnosis or giardia or Rickettsia
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Lugol's iodine, methylene blue
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which is the best way to diagnose Tritrichomonas foetus and why
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the INpouch, because it is much cheaper, easy, and accurate
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a blood parasite
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Rickettsia
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which sample is best for diagnosis or Rickettsias
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fresh capillary blood
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Mycoplasma haemofelis is best evaluated using capillary blood without an anti-coagulant. why?
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because the anticoagulant may cause the Mycoplasma to detach from the surface of the blood cell
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speed and length of time a centrifuge should be spun at
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800-1500 rpm for 10 min
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3 methods to quantify eggs in feces
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Stoll egg count
Wisconsin centrifugal mcmaster |
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why are fecal egg counts done?
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they do the same as a regular fecal plus determine the appropriate dewormer interval and the efficacy of the dewormer
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steps to Stoll egg technique
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push 3 grams of feces through a sieve into 42 mL of water
aspirate .15 mL feces-water solution while mixing spread the solution on two microscope slides and cover each with long coverslip count the number of eggs on both slides number of eggs x100=epg |
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steps to cornell wisconsin technique
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3 grams of feces in a cup, add 10 mL Sheathers, mix well
strain solution, pouring into a test tube centrifuge for 3 min in a fixed angle centrifuge fill tube to the top with Sheathers soltuin and place coverslip onto meniscus let sit for 5 min, place coverslip on slide count number of eggs under entire coverslip divide by three to get epg |
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Mcmaster technique
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fill vial with flotation solution to line A
add feces until solution rises to line b filter the solution through a sieve to remove debris mix the solution thoroughly for 20-30 seconds immediately aspirate solution into a 1 cc syringe and charge into first chamber remix the solution, aspirate 2nd sample and charge into second chamber examine under 100x focusing on grid lines count all over inside or under the grid lines and record total number of ova from BOTH chambers and multiply the sum by 25 for epg identify the parasite by species name and epg |
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which solution would be used to preserve nematode ova for 2 wks
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10% formalin
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purpose of performing a proglottid press
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to speciate and accurately determine appropriate method of control
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disadvantages of fecal sedimentation
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more difficult to perform, there is more debris that other flotations and makes id harder
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How do you recognize a heartworm microfilaria with a direct microscope exam
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look for movement between the blood cells
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