Parasitology: Extraintestinal Nematodes

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Filarial worms are under what classification?

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Spirurida

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MOT of Filarial worms

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Arthropod borne

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Diagnostic stage of Filarial worms

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Microfilaria

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Infective stage of Filarial worms

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L3

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Common name: W. bancrofti

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Bancroft's filaria

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Common name: B. malayi

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Malayan filaria

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Common name: L. loa

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Eyeworm

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Common name: O. volvulus

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Blinding filaria

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Common name: Mansonella perstans

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Persistent filaria

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Common name: Mansonella ozzardi

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Ozzard's filaria

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Habitat: W. bancrofti

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Lower lymphatics

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Habitat: B. malayi

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Upper lymphatics

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Habitat: Subcutaneous tissue and eyes

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Loa loa, O. volvulus

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Habitat: Body cavities even mesentery

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M. perstans, M. ozzardi

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Arthropod vector: W. bancrofti

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Mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, mansonia)

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Arthropod vector: B. malayi

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Mosquitoes (Manosnia)

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Arthropod vector: L. loa

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Deerflies or Mangoflies (Chrysops spp.)

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Arthropod vector:O. volvulus

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Blackflies (Simulium spp.)

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Arthropod vector: M. perstans

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Midges (Culicoides spp.)

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Arthropod vector: M. ozzardi

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Midges and blackflies

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Disease caused: W. bancrofti

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Elephantiasis, hydrocoel, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

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Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is due to?

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Microfilaria in blood

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Elephantiasis definition

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Enlargement of limbs due to obstruction of lymph channels

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Hydrocoel definition

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enlargement of Scrotum

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Disease caused: B. malayi

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Elephantiasis (Elephantic lesions in the upper limbs)

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Disease caused: L. loa

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Calabar or fugitive swelling

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Disease caused: O. volvulus

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River blindness, onchocercoma

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Sheathed Filarial worms

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W. bancrofti, B. malayi, L. loa

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Unsheathed filarial worms

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O. volvulus, M. perstans, M. ozzardi, M. streptocerca

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Nuclei in the tail end: B. malayi

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2 distinct terminal nuclei

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Nuclei do not extend to tail tip

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W. bancrofti, O. volvulus, M ozzardi

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Nuclei extends to the tip of the tail

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L. loa, M. perstans, M streptocerca

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Tail end characteristic: M. streptocerca

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Sheperd's crook tail or hooked tail

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Tail end characteristic: M. ozzardi

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Slender tip

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Periodicity: W. bancrofti

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Nocturnal (10PM-2AM), and Periodic

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Periodicity: B. malayi

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Nocturnal, subperiodic, can also be seen in AM but peaks at night

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Periodicity: L. loa

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Diurnal periodic (AM)

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Periodicity: O. volvulus

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No periodicity

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Sample for O. volvulus

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Skin snips

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Periodicity: M. perstans, M. ozzardi

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Non-periodic or no pattern

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Common name: T. spiralis

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Pork muscle roundworm or Trichina worm

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Common name: D. medinensis

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Fiery Serpent, Dragon, Guinea worm

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Common name: A. cantonensis

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Rat Lung worm

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Common name: Dirofilaria immitis

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Dog Heart worm

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Common name: Taenia canis

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Dog ascaris

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Common name: Taenia cati

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Cat ascaris

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Common name: A. brazilliense

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Cat hokwoorm

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Common name: A. caninum

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Dog hookworm

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Common name: Anisakis spp

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Herring worm or Fish ascaris

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Tail end morphology of T. spiralis larva

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Spear-like burrowing tip

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Male T. spiralis characteristic

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has copulatory alae

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A. cantonensis adult uterus characteristic

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Barber's pole appearance

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A. cantonensis adult male characteristic

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has kidney-shaped, caudal bursa

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Habitat or site of infection: T. spiralis

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Adult in Small intestine, larva in skeletal muscles

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Habitat or site of infection: D. medinensis

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subcutaneous tissue in lower extremity

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Habitat or site of infection: A. cantonensis

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Brain

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Habitat or site of infection: D. immitis

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Lungs

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Habitat or site of infection: T. canis and T. catis

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Visceral organs or eyes

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Habitat or site of infection: A. braziliense or A. caninum

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Subcutaneous tissue or skin

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Habitat or site of infection: Anisakis spp

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Stomach and Small Intestine

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MOT: T. spiralis

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ingestion of encysted larva

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MOT: D. medinensis

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ingestion of L3 from copepods

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MOT: A. cantonensis

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Ingestion of L3 from mollusks or snails

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MOT: D. imminits

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Skin inoculation of L3 by mosquitoes

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MOT: Taenia canis and T. cati

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Ingestion of embryonated eggs

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MOT: A. braziliense, A. canis

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Skin penetration by filariform larva

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MOT: Anisakis spp

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Ingestion of infective larvae from fish

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The Spurious parasite

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Anasakis spp

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Disease caused: T. spiralis

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Trichinosis

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Trichinosis S/S

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Allergic reaction, pain in gastrocnemius, deltoid, even diaphragm

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Disease caused: D. medinensis

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Skin ulcers, allergy, eosinophilia

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Disease caused: A. cantonensis

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Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

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Disease caused: D. immitis

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Granulomatous nodule or "coin lesion" in X-ray

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Disease caused: T. canis and T. cati

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Visceral or ocular larva migrans which may lead to blindness

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Disease caused: A. braziliense, A. caninum

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Cutaneous larva migrans or creeping eruption

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Disease caused: Anisakis spp.

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Anisakiasis

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Anisakiasis S/S

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Severe episodic diarrhea and may cause granuloma formation in intestine and malabsorption