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159 Cards in this Set
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Protozoa |
One celled, microscopic Examples: Ameba e.g. Entamoeba Flagellates e.g. Giardia, Leishmania Ciliates e.g. Balantidium Sporozoa: coccidians; organisms whose adult stage is not motile e.g. Plasmodium, Cyptosporidium |
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Helminths |
Multicelled; usually visible to the naked eye Examples: Flatworms (Platyhelminths) Trematodes (flukes) Cestodes (tapeworms) Thorny-headed (acanthocephalins May be intermediate between cestodes and nematodes Roundworms (nematodes) |
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Toxocara canis |
Dog roundworm Location: small intestines Prepatent period: 3-5 week Diagnostic stage: dark brown, thick-walled egg, with pitted eggshell; single celled zygote 75-90 micrometers Test: fecal float or centrifugal float Method of infection: ingestion of infective egg, paratenic host, transplacentally, transmammary, ingestion of larvae in bitch's feces Clinical signs: poor grown, emaciation, intestinal blockage, vomiting, diarrhea, death Control: remove feces from environment ***ZOONOTIC*** Infective stage: Egg with L2 Condition: Visceral larva migrans |
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Ancylostoma caninum |
Dog hookworm Location: small intestines Prepatent period: 2-3 week Diagnostic stage: Clear, smooth, thin-walled hookworm egg; zygot 8- to 16- cell morula; 55-65 x 27-43 micrometer Test: Fecal float or centrifugal float Method of infection: Skin penetration, ingestion of infective larvae, transmammary, paratenic host, larval "leak", transplacentally Clinical signs: Anemia, weekness, melena Control: Remove feces from environment ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Dogs and cats Reservoir: Dogs and cats Infective stage: L3 Condition: Cutaneous larva migrans |
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Unicinaria stenocephala |
Dog hookworm Location: Small intestine Prepatent period: 2 week Diagnostic stage: Hookworm egg; 63-93 x 32-55 micrometer Test: Fecal float or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae; skin penetration (not likely) Clinical signs: Usually no obvious clinical signs; heavy infection: hypoproteinemia, dehydration, weakness Control: Remove feces from environment ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Dogs, cats Reservoir: Dogs, cats Infective stage: L3 Condition: Cutaneous larva migrans |
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Trichuris vulpis |
Dog whipworm Location: large intestines Prepatent period: 3 mo Diagnostic stage: Smooth, amber, thick-walled, barrel-shaped egg with bipolar plugs; single celled zygote, 72-90 x 2-40 micrometer Test: Fecal float or centrifugal float Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Heavy infection: severe water diarrhea, hematochezia leading to rapid dehydration and death Control: Remove feces from environment |
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Eucoleus boehmi |
Dog Location: Nasal sinuses Prepatent period: Unknown Diagnostic stage: Smooth, yellow-brown, thick-walled egg with striated shell and asymmetric bipolar plugs; single-celled zygote Test: Fecal float or centrifugal float Method of infection: Ingestion of infective egg Clinical signs: Upper respiratory signs, sneezing, and nasal discharge
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Filaroides spp. |
Canine lungworm Location: Lungs Prepatent period: 5-10 week Diagnostic stage: L1 with S-shaped tail lacking dorsal spine; esophagus third of length of body, 265-330 micrometer long Test: Fecal float or centrifugal float, Baermann Method of infection: Paratenic host, Ingestion of infective egg Clinical signs: Chronic coughing
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Crenosoma spp. |
Dog Location: Lungs Prepatent period: 19-21 days Diagnostic stage: L1 with straigh, pointed tail, esophagus third of length of body; 265-330 micrometer Test: Baermann Method of infection: Ingestion of infective snails Clinical signs: Coughing |
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Spirocerca lupi |
Canine esophageal worm Location: Esophagus Prepatent period: 5-6 mo Diagnostic stage: Clear, smooth, thick-walled, paperclip shaped, larvated egg; 30-37 x 11-15 micrometer Test: Float or centrifugal float Method of infection: Ingestion of intermediate host (dung beetle), ingestion of paratenic host Clinical signs: Vomit, dysphagia, weight loss, sudden death, usually not diagnosed until necropsy Control: prevent from eating dung beetles, frogs, mice, and lizards, not feed raw chicken |
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Trichuris vulpis |
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Dirofilaria immitis |
Dog heartworm Location: Heart Prepatent period: 6-8 mo Diagnostic stage: Microfilaria L1 lacks esophagus Test: Modified Knott's millipore filtration, ELISA antigen test Method of infection: Transmission from infective mosquito bites, Transplacental infection of microfilariae only Clinical signs: Lethargy, exercise intolerance, signs referable to right-sided cardiac enlargement Control: Use preventatives, reduce exposure to mosquitos |
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Acanthocheilonema reconditum |
Dog Location: SQ tissue Prepatent period: 9 week Diagnostic stage: Microfilaria Test: Modified Knott's tissue millipore filatration Method of infection: Transmission from infective flea bites, ingestion of fleas Clinical signs: Nonpathogenic, microfilaria may cause problems in kidney tubules Control: Control flea population |
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Dioctophyma renale |
Giant kidney worm (K9) Location: Kidney Prepatent period: 5 month Diagnostic stage: Dark brown, thick-walled barrel shaped egg with pitted shell and operculum at each pole; single-celled zygote; 71-84 x 46-52 micrometer Test: Sedimentation of urine Method of infection: Ingestion of intermediate host (annelid worm), ingestion of paratenic host (fish and green frogs) Clinical signs: May be none Control: Surgical removal; nephrectomy if in kidney |
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Dracunculus insignis |
Guinea worm (K9) Location: SQ tissue Prepatent period: 309-410 days Diagnostic stage: Comma-shaped larva with esophagus and straight tail; 500-750 micrometer long Test: Direct smear of fluid in blister Method of infection: Ingestion of crustacean infected water Clinical signs: Pea-sized blisters Control: Surgical removal |
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Toxocara cati |
Cat roundworm Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 8 week Diagnostic stage: Dark brown, thick-walled, pitted egg; single-celled zygote; 65-75 micrometer Test: Fecal float or centrifugal float Method of infection: Ingestion of infective eggs, transmammary, ingestion of paratenic host Clinical signs: Usually none; cat may vomit worm Control: Clean up environment ***ZOONOTIC*** Infective stage: Egg with L2 Condition: Visceral larva migrans |
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Ancylostoma tubaeforme |
Cat hookworm Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 3 week Diagnostic stage: Hookworm egg; 55-76 x 34-45 micrometer Test: Fecal float or centrifugal float Method of infection: Skin penetration, ingestion of infective larvae, transmammary infection Clinical signs: Anemia, emaciation, weakness, melena, death ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Dogs and cats Reservoir: Dogs and cats Infective stage: L3 Condition: |
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Dirofilaria immitis |
Heartworm (feline) Location: Heart Prepatent period: 6-8 mo Diagnostic stage: Microfiliaria (L1) lacks esophagus Test: ELISA antigen or ELISA antibody Method of infection: Transmission from infective mosquito bite Clinical signs: ACUTE: diarrhea/vomiting, tachycardia, syncope, sudden death CHRONIC: coughing, vomiting, weight loss, anorexia, dyspnea, lethargy Control: Use preventatives, reduce exposure to mosquitos |
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Aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
Feline lungworm Location: Bronchioles, alveoli Prepatent period: 4-6 wk Diagnostic stage: L1 with S-shaped tail and dorsal spine; 360 micrometer long; esophagus 1/4 body length Test: Baermann Method of infection: Ingestion of infected snail, ingestion of paratenic host Clinical signs: Usually none; may see chronic coughing
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Platynosomum fastosum
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Lizard poisoning fluke (feline) Location: Liver Prepatent period:8-12 wk Diagnostic stage:Dark amber, oval, operculated egg containing a miracidium; 34-50×20-35 μm Test: Sedimentation of feces Method of infection: Ingestion of intermediate host (snail) Clincial signs: Severe infections characterized by anorexia, persistent vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, death |
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Ancylostoma caninum |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Toxoplasma (feline) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period:1-3 wk Diagnostic stage: Clear, smooth, thin-walled spherical oocyst; single-celled zygote; 8-10 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of cysts in meat, Ingestion of sporulated oocysts Clinical signs: Most infections are latent or asymptomatic. Young animal’s signs may include fever, anorexia, cough, dyspnea, diarrhea, jaundice, and central nervous system dysfunction Control: Cats should not be fed raw meat; remove litter daily before sporulation can occur ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Cats Reservoir: Cats, raw meat Infective stage: Sporulated oocyst, bradyzoite, tachyzoite Condition: Toxoplasmosis |
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Toxascaris leonina
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Roundworms (feline and K9) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 11 wk Diagnostic stage:Clear, smooth, thick-walled eggshell with wavy internal membrane; single-celled zygote and does not completely fill the eggshell; 75×85 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective eggs Ingestion of paratenic host Clinical signs: Heavy worm burdens may cause weakness, dehydration, poor condition Control: Clean environment |
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Ancylostoma braziliense
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Hookworms (feline and K9) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 3 wk Diagnostic stage:Hookworm egg; 75-95×41-45 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae Skin penetration Clinical signs: Anemia, diarrhea, melena, emaciation, weakness Control: Clean environment ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Dogs and cats Reservoir: Dogs and cats Infective stage: L3 Condition: |
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Eucoleus aerophilus
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Lungworm of cats and dogs Location: Trachea, bronchi Prepatent period: 6 wk Diagnostic stage: Rough, granular, thick-walled, barrel-shaped, straw-colored egg with asymmetric bipolar plugs; single-celled zygote; 58-79×29-40 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective eggs Clinical signs: Light infection: none Heavy infection: signs of bronchitis; bronchi and bronchioles may fill with blood and mucus |
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Capillaria plica
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Bladderworm (K9) Location: Urinary bladder Prepatent period: 60 days Diagnostic stage: Rough, striated, thick-walled, barrel-shaped, amber-colored egg with asymmetric bipolar plugs; single-celled zygote; 60-68×24-30 μm Test: Sedimentation of urine Method of infection: Ingestion of intermediate host (earthworm) Clinical signs: Usually none, may be signs of chronic cystitis, frequent urination, painful urination, hematuria |
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Capillaria feliscati(cat)
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Bladderworm (feline) Location: Urinary bladder Prepatent period: 60 days Diagnostic stage: Rough, striated, thick-walled, barrel-shaped, amber-colored egg with asymmetric bipolar plugs; single-celled zygote; 60-68×24-30 μm Test: Sedimentation of urine Method of infection: Ingestion of intermediate host (earthworm) Clinical signs: Usually none, may be signs of chronic cystitis, frequent urination, painful urination, hematuria |
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Threadworm (K9 and feline) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 8-14 days Diagnostic stage: L1 with a rhabditiform esophagus and a straight pointed tail L3 with a filariform esophagus and a bipartite tail Test: Baermann Fecal culture Method of infection: Skin penetration Ingestion of infective larvae Transmammary Clinical signs: Heavy infection: mucoid diarrhea in young animals Emaciation and reduced growth rate ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Dogs, cats, humans Reservoir: Humans, dogs, cats Infective stage: L3 Condition: Strongyloidiasis |
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Physaloptera spp.
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Stomachworm (K9 and feline) Location: Stomach Prepatent period: 56-83 days Diagnostic stage: Smooth, clear, thick-walled, larvated egg; 45-53×29-42 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of intermediate host (beetles) Clinical signs: Cause gastritis and duodenitis, often resulting in vomiting, anorexia, and dark feces |
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Dipylidium caninum
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Tapeworm (K9 and feline) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 3 wk Diagnostic stage: Proglottid with bilateral genital pores; eggs containing six-hooked hexacanth embryos in packets; 35-60 μm Test: ID proglottids Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of a cysticercoid in intermediate host, (i.e., flea, lice) Clinical signs: Usually none, may see segments in feces May see “scooting” Control: Control of intermediate hosts ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Dogs, cats, humans Reservoir: Flea Infective stage: Cysticercoid Conditon: Cestodiasis |
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Oxyuris equi |
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Taenia spp.
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Tapeworm (K9 and feline) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 2 mo Diagnostic stage: Dark brown, thick, radially striated eggshell; 6-hooked hexacanth embryo; 32-37μm; rectangular proglottids with unilateral genital pore Test: ID proglottid Method of infection: Ingestion of cysticercus in intermediate host (i.e., rabbit, rodent) Clinical signs: Usually none, may see segments in feces Control: Restrict pets from eating wildlife |
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Echinococcus spp.
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Tapeworm(K9 and feline) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 47 days Diagnostic stage: Similar toTaenia eggs Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of hydatid or alveolar hydatid cysts in intermediate host (i.e., moose, sheep, goats, cattle, horse, deer [E. granulosus] or rodents [E. multilocularis]) Clinical signsUsually none Control:Restrict pets from eating raw meat, viscera, and wildlife ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Dogs, cats Reservoir: Dogs, cats Infective stage: Egg Condition:Hydatidosis |
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Mesocestoides spp.
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K9 and feline Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 16-20 days Diagnostic stage: Smooth, thin egg capsule containing 6-hooked hexacanth embryo; 20-25 μm; globular proglottid with parauterine body Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation ID proglottid Method of infection: Complete life cycle is unknown, arthropods/mammals/reptiles/birds are suspected intermediate hosts Clinical signs: Usually none |
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Spirometra mansonoides
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Zipper tapeworm(K9 and feline) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 10-30 days Diagnostic stage: Unembryonated, thin-walled, smooth, amber-colored egg; operculated; 70×45 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of intermediate host (crustaceans, water snake) Clinical signs: Vague/none Control: Control environment ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Dogs, cats Reservior: Unknown Infective stage: Procercoid in arthropod Condition: Sparganosis |
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Paragonimus kellicotti
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Lung fluke(K9 and feline) Location: Lung Prepatent period: 1 mo Diagnostic stage: Smooth, golden brown, urn-shaped, operculated egg; 75-118×42-67 μm Test: Sedimentation of urine Method of infection: Ingestion of metacercariae in crayfish Clinical signs: Often none, may be intermittent chronic coughing Control: Control environment |
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Nanophyetus salmincola
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Salmon poisoning fluke of dogs Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 1 wk Diagnostic stage: Rough, brown, operculated egg; 52-82×32-56 μm Test: Sedimentation of feces Method of infection: Ingestion of metacercariae in various tissues in fish Clinical signs: None; clinical signs due to salmon poisoning complex caused by rickettsial organism Control: Control environment |
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Cystoisospora spp.
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Coccidia(K9 and feline) Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 4-12 days Diagnostic stage: Clear, spherical to ellipsoid thin-walled oocyst; size varies with species Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of sporulated oocyst Clinical signs: Persistent diarrhea, may lead to dehydration and death Control: Clean environment to prevent accumulation and sporulation of oocysts |
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Sarcocystis spp.
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K9 and feline Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 7-33 days Diagnostic stage: Thin-walled oocyst with 2 sporocysts containing sporozoites each or sporocyst; size varies with species Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of cysts in muscle tissue: various intermediate hosts Clinical signs:None Control: Restrict pets from eating raw meat, offal ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Humans, dogs, cats Reservoir: Cattle, pigs, dogs, cats Infective stage: Sarcocyst in muscle, oocyst Condition: Sarcocystiasis, sarcosporidiosis |
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Parascaris equorum
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Equine roundworm Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 10 wk Diagnostic stage: Rough, brown, thick-walled, spherical egg; single-celled zygote; 90-100 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective egg Clinical signs: Adult horses: none Foals: may retard growth, may cause colic (e.g., intussusception, or volvulus of gut); In foals with a heavy parasite burden, it can cause permanent lung damage. |
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Parascaris equorum |
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Eimeria leuckarti
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Equine coccidia Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 15-33 days Diagnostic stage: Dark brown, piriform, thick-walled oocyst; 70-90×49-69 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infectionIngestion of sporulated oocysts Clinical signs: Not pathogenic, no clinical signs |
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Cyathostomes
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Small strongyles equine Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 2-3 mo Diagnostic stage: Smooth, thin-walled, clear strongyle egg; zygote 8- to 16-cell morula; size varies with species Test: Fecal flotation Method of infectionIngestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Poor growth, decreased performance, profuse diarrhea In acute conditions, large number of worms seen grossly in feces |
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Strongylus spp. Strongylus vulgaris S. edentatus S. equinus
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Large strongyles (4) equine Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 6-12 mo Diagnostic stage: Strongyle egg Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection:Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Larvae not too pathogenic, adults may cause anemia, loss of condition Colic, fever, diarrhea, weight loss, death Control: Strategic deworming |
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Oxyuris equi
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Equine pinworm Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 5 mo Diagnostic stage: Clear, smooth, thin-walled egg with 1 side flattened; operculated; 90×42 μm Test: Cellophane tape preparation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective eggs Clinical signs: Pruritus ani, fraying of hairs on tail head May see female worms passed in feces, white egg masses on perianal skin Control: Removal of egg masses on perianal skin with soap and water; clean stalls and woodwork |
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Anoplocephala spp.
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Lappeted tapeworm equine Location: Small and large intestines Prepatent period: 1-2 mo Diagnostic stage: Clear, thick-walled, square eggs with a pear-shaped (piriform) apparatus containing a hexacanth embryo Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of cysticercoid in pasture mite Clinical signs: Most asymptomatic, but A. perfoliatacauses colic and death due to intestinal accident |
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Strongyloides westeri
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Threadworm of horses Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 8-14 days Diagnostic stage: Smooth, thin-walled, larvated egg; 40-50×32-40μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Transmammary Skin penetration Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: No obvious signs in adult horses Diarrhea in foals |
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Gasterophilus spp.
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Bot flies equine Location: Stomach Diagnostic stage: 2.5-cm, robust grub with rows of spines and straight spiracular slits (breathing tubes) Test: Identification of third stage larva Method of infection:Ingestion of larvae Clinical signs: Bots in tongue and gums may cause ulcers on surface of tongue and tooth problems Bots in stomach occasionally cause perforation of stomach wall with fatal peritonitis Control: Remove bot eggs from horse’s legs and shoulder area |
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Trichostrongyles (Haemonchus, Ostertagia,Cooperia, Trichostrongylus)
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Hookworms of ruminants Location: Abomasum, small intestines Prepatent period: 15-28 days Diagnostic stage: Strongyle egg Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae while grazing Clinical signs: depend on age, host resistance, and number of worms Acute signs seen mainly in younger animals, diarrhea, anorexia, and loss of condition Chronic signs are more subtle, may see poor weight gain and animal generally doing poorly Control: Try to prevent pasture contamination by strategic worming of animals |
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Dictyocaulus spp.
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Lungworms of ruminants Location: Lungs Prepatent period: 3-4 wk Diagnostic stage: L1 with dark granular intestines; esophagus one-third the length of larva; straight pointed tail; 550-580 μm long Test: Baermann Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Coughing, dyspnea |
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Strongyle |
What type of ovum? |
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Strongyloides spp.
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Threadworm of cattle Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 3-4 wk Diagnostic stage: Thin-walled egg with parallel sides; 40-60×20-25 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection:Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Rarely a clinical problem |
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Oesophagostomumspp.
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Hookworm of ruminants Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 45 days Diagnostic stage: Strongyle egg Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of inection: Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Usually not a clinical problem in cattle and goats in moderate numbers In sheep, large numbers can cause diarrhea and weight loss |
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Skrjabinema spp.
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Pinworms of ruminants Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 25 days Diagnostic stage: Clear, smooth, thin-walled egg with one side flattened, single-celled zygote Test; Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective egg Clinical signs: Typical of pinworms Eggs deposited on perianal skin—possibly pruritus ani Seen in goats, rarely in sheep |
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Eimeria spp.
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Coccidia ruminants Location: Small and large intestines Prepatent period: 10-30 days Diagnostic stage: Smooth or rough, thin-walled, clear to yellowish brown oocysts; single-celled zygote; size varies with species Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective egg Clinical signs: Light infections, usually no clinical signs Heavy infections, diarrhea, sometimes bloody, and tenesmus NOTE: Clinical signs are possible before oocysts pass in the feces; repeat fecal examination will eventually reveal oocysts |
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Moniezia spp.
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Tapeworm of ruminants Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 6 wk Diagnostic stage: Thick-walled, clear, triangular to square egg with a piriform apparatus containing a hexacanth embryo Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of cysticercoid in a free-living pasture mite Clinical signs: Not considered very pathogenic Heavy burdens may affect weight gain |
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Thysanosoma actinoides
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Fringed tapeworm of sheep and goats Location: Bile ducts Diagnostic stage: Thin-wall egg with hexacanth embryos in packets; 21-45 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation |
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Fasciola spp.
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Liver fluke ruminants Location: Liver Prepatent period: 10-12 wk Diagnostic stage: Dark amber, oval, operculated egg; 130-150×63-90 μm Test: Sedimentation of feces Method of infection:Ingestion of metacercariae Clinical signs: Devastating disease in sheep, depends on the number of metacercariae eaten over a short period Produces a distended, painful abdomen, anemia, and sudden death Chronic disease may show signs of anemia, unthriftiness, submandibular edema, and reduced milk secretion |
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Bunostomum spp.
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Hookworms of ruminants Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 2-3 wk Diagnostic stage: Strongyle egg Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infectionIngestion of infective larvae Skin penetration Clinical signs: Ruminant hookworms Occasionally low worm burdens Heavy infections can cause anemia Control: Strategic deworming |
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Chabertia ovina
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Hookworms of sheep Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 47-63 days Diagnostic stage: Strongyle egg Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Larvae and adults can cause small hemorrhages with edema in the colon, the feces may be coated with mucus when passed Control: Deworming |
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Fasciola spp. |
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Trichuris spp.
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Whipworms ruminants Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 2-3 mo Diagnostic stage: Dark, brownish, thick walled, symmetric bipolar plugs; smooth egg with single-celled varies with species zygote; 50-60×21-25 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae Skin penetration Clinical signs are unlikely, heavy worm burdens seldom seen In occasional heavy infections may see dark feces, anemia, and anorexia Trichuris is not transmissible between ruminants and dogs Control: Deworming |
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Capillaria spp.
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Ruminants Location: Small intestines Diagnostic stage: Brownish, thick-walled striated egg with asymmetric bipolar plugs; single-celled zygote; 45-52×21-30 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection:Ingestion of infective eggs |
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Cryptosporidium muris
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Cryptosporidia cattle Location: Abomasum Prepatent period: 4-10 days Diagnostic stage: Clear, smooth, thin-walled oocyst containing 4 sporozoites; 5×7 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Transmission by the fecal-oral route Oocysts shed in the feces are immediately infective Clinical signs: Usually seen in calves 1- to 3-wk-old Diarrhea, tenesmus, weight loss, anorexia are usually seen Control: No treatment Disease is usually self-limiting Supportive therapy is recommended (i.e., fluids) |
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Protostrongylus rufescens
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Sheep Location: Lungs Prepatent period: 30-37 days Diagnostic stage: L1 with a straight, pointed tail 48-56 μm long without a dorsal spine; 340-400×19-20 μm Test: Baermann Method of infection: Ingestion of intermediate host (slug or snail) Clinical signs: Chronic eosinophilic granulomatous pneumonia |
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Mullerius spp.
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Hair lungworm sheep Location: Lungs Prepatent period: 6 wk Diagnostic stage: L1 are 300-320×14-15 μm with S-shaped tail bearing a dorsal spine Test: Baermann Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae in slugs on pasture Clinical signs: More common in goats Coughing |
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Eimeria spp.
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Coccidia pig Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 4-10 days Diagnostic stage: Smooth or rough, thin-walled oocyst; single-celled zygote; size varies with species Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of sporulated oocysts Clinical signs: Essentially nonpathogenic May see diarrhea |
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Cystoisospora spp.
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Coccidia pig Location: Small intestines Prepatent period:5 days Diagnostic stage: Smooth, clear, thin-walled oocyst; single-celled zygote; 17-25×16-21 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of sporulated oocysts Clinical signs: Adult pigs usually do not show clinical signs but contaminate the environment Nursing piglets: diarrhea, dehydration, emaciation |
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Balantidium coli
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Balantidium pig Location: Large intestines Diagnostic stage: Thin-walled, greenish cyst with hyaline cytoplasm; 40-60 μm; 30-150×25-120 μm trophozoite with rows of cilia Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Direct smear Method of infection: Ingestion of cysts Clinical signs: Found commonly in the feces of swine, not considered pathogenic Not usually treated ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Humans, pigs Reservoir: Humans, pigs Infective stage: Cyst, trophozoite Condition: Balantidiasis |
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Ascaris suum
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Roundworms of swine Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 7-9 wk Diagnostic stage: Brownish yellow, thick-walled, mammilated egg; single-celled zygote; 50-80×40-60 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective egg Clinical signs: Nursing pigs:may show dyspnea Growing pigs:reduced weight gains Adult pigs:usually none ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Pigs Reservoir: Pigs Infective stage: egg with L2 Condition: Visceral larva migrans |
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Moniezia spp. |
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Strongyloides ransomi
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Threadworm swine Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 3-7 days Diagnostic stage: Smooth, thin-walled, larvated egg with parallel sides; 45-55×26-35 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Larvae can be transmitted via colostrums Ingestion of larvae Clinical signs: Heavy infections in piglets produce severe diarrhea when 10-14 days of age, with high mortality |
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Oesophagostomum spp.
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Nodular worm swine Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 32-42 days Diagnostic stage: Strongyle egg Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Reduced weight gain in grower pigs |
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Hyostrongylus rubidus
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Red stomach worm swine Location: Stomach Prepatent period: 15-21 days Diagnostic stage: Strongyle egg Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation |
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Metastrongylus spp.
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Lungworm of swine Location: Lungs Prepatent period: 24 days Diagnostic stage: Rough, clear, thick-walled, larvated egg with a corrugated surface; 45-57×38-41 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of infective larvae Clinical signs: Diarrhea, anorexia, decreased weight gain |
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Trichuris suis
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Whipworms swine Location: Large intestines Prepatent period: 2-3 mo Diagnostic stage: Brownish yellow, smooth, thick-walled egg with symmetric bipolar plugs; single-celled zygote 50-56×21-25 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of the intermediate host (earthworm) Clinical signs: Coughing and predisposition to bacterial and viral respiratory infections |
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Trichinella spiralis
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Trichina worm swine Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 2-6 days Diagnostic stage: L3 encysted in striated muscles; esophagus composed of stichocytes (single cells stacked on top of one another); cysts are 400-600×250 μm Test: Squash preparation of muscle Method of infection: Ingestion of larvae in muscle, (i.e., carnivorism) Clinical signs: Usually no clinical signs Economic loss at slaughter ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Mammals Reservoir: Porcine and bear Infective stage: Encysted L3 muscle Condition: Trichinellosis |
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Thelazia californiensis
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Eye worm dog, cat, cattle, horse, sheep, goat pig Location: Eye Prepatent period: 3-6 wk Diagnostic stage: Adult worm in conjunctival sac and tear duct Test: ID adult Method of infection: Flies (Musca spp., Fannia spp.) deposit infective larvae on the eye while feeding on ocular secretions Clinical signs: Excessive tearing, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity and ulceration Not commonly seen ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Mammals Reservoir: Fly Infective stage: L3 Condition: Verminous conjunctivitis |
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Giardia appendages (C-G)
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Giardia dog, cat, cattle, horse, sheep, goat pig Location: Small intestines Prepatent period: 7-10 days Diagnostic stage: Smooth, clear, thin-walled cyst with 2-4 nuclei; 4-10×8-16 μm Piriform, bilaterally symmetric greenish trophozoite with 2 nuclei and 4 pair of flagella; 9-20×5-15 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Fecal ELISA antigen Direct smear Method of infection: Ingestion of cyst stage (in species specific host) Clinical signs: Predominantly diarrhea |
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Trichomonads
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Trichomonos dog, cat, cattle, horse, sheep, goat pig Location: Digestive tract Diagnostic stage: Spindle-shaped to piriform trophozoite with 3-5 anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and 1 posterior flagellum Test: Direct smear Method of infection: Ingestion of trophozoite Clincial signsDiarrhea |
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Toxocara canis |
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Cryptosporidiumspp.
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Cryptosporidia dog, cat, cattle, horse, sheep, goat pig Location: Small and large intestines 4-10 days Diagnostic stage: Clear, thin-walled, spherical oocyst containing 4 sporozoites; 5×5 μm Test: Fecal flotation or centrifugal flotation Method of infection: Ingestion of oocysts Clinical signs: Diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia |
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Babesia spp.
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Definitive host: Humans, dogs, cattle, horses Location: Blood (erythrocytes) Prepatent period: 10-21 days Diagnostic stage: Paired piriform (tear-shaped) merozoites in erythrocytes Test: Romanowsky-stained blood film, indirect fluorescent antibody test |
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Trypanosoma spp.
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Definitive host: Humans, dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, horses Location: Blood and lymph, heart, striated muscle, reticuloendothelial muscle Prepatent period: Acute and chronic disease Diagnostic stage: Trypanosome form, spindle-shaped flagellate with undulating membrane, central nucleus and kinetoplast, found in blood Amastigote form, intracellular spherical bodies with single nucleus and rod-shaped kinetoplast, found in myocardium, striated muscle cells, and macrophages Test: Blood smears; xenodiagnosis (clean vector allowed to feed on suspect patient and organism isolated from the vector), biopsy, animal inoculation, serology ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Mammals Infective stage: Trypanosomal form in kissing bug Condition: Chagas' disease |
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Leishmania donovani
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Definitive host: Humans, dogs Location: Intracellular in cytoplasm of macrophages of reticuloendothelial system Prepatent period: Several mo up to 1yr Diagnostic stage: Amastigote form, oval, single nucleus, with a rod-shaped kinetoplast, in clusters within the cytoplasm of macrophages Test: Impression smears and biopsy of skin, lymph nodes, and bone marrow ***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Mammals Reservoir: Phlebotomine fly Infective stage: Leptomonad form in sand fly Condition: Leishmaiasis |
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Baylisascaris procyonis
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***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Raccoon; can cause zoonotic disease in many species, including dogs and humans Reservoir: Raccoon Infective stage: Egg with L2 Condition: Neurologic larval migrans |
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Taenia saginata
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***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Humans Reservoir: Bovine muscle Infective stage: Cysticercus Condition: Cestodiasis |
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Taenia solium
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***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Humans Reservoir: Porcine muscle, humans Infective stage: Cysticercus, egg Condition: Cestodiasis, cysticercosis
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Cryptosporidium parvum
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***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Mammals Reservoir: Mammals Infective stage: Oocyst Conditon: Cryptosporidiosis |
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Giardia appendage A
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***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Humans Reservior: Cats, dogs Infective stage: Cyst Condition: Giardiasis |
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Dipylidium caninum |
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Babesia microti
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***ZOONOTIC*** Host: Rodents, humans Reservoir: Hard tick Infective stage: Sporozoite Condition: Babesiosis |
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Syphacia obvelata |
Hosts: mouse, hamsters Common name: Pinworm of rodents Transmission: Retroinfection Clinical signs: Heavy infection: impaction, intussusception, rectal prolapse Diagnosis: Flattened along one side measuring 100-142×30-40 μm |
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Syphacia muris |
Hosts: rats Common name: Pinworm of rodents Transmission: Eggs hatch in perianal region, and larvae migrate back into the colon Clinical signs: Poor growth rate Diagnosis: Eggs larvate within 6-24hr. S. muris: eggs measure 72-82×25-36 μm |
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Aspiculuris tetraptera |
Hosts: mouse Common name: Pinworm of mouse Transmission: Ingestion of infective egg Clinical signs: Often none Diagnosis: Eggs on fecal float are elliptical, thin shelled 89-93×36-42 μm |
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Passalurus ambiguus |
Hosts: rabbit Common name: Pinworm of rabbits Transmission: Ingestion of infective egg Clinical signs: Usually none Large numbers in young animals may cause gastric disturbance Diagnosis: Eggs are slightly flattened, 95-103×43 μm |
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Hymenolepis nana
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Hosts: mouse, rat, hamster Common name: Tapeworm of rodents Transmission: Ingestion of cysticercoid in paratenic host Autoinfection Clinical signsHeavy infection in hamsters can cause intestinal occlusion and impaction |
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Hymenolepis diminuta |
Hosts: mouse, rat, hamster Common name: Pinworm of rodents Transmission: Ingestion of cysticercoid Clinical signs: Usually none Diagnosis: Eggs semispherical 60-66 μm with dark outer capsule, hexacanth larvae |
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Cysticerus pisiformis |
Hosts: rabbit Common name: Larval tapeworm stage in rabbits Transmission: Larval stage ofTaenia pisiformis Clinical signs: Cysts in peritoneal cavity Heavy infection: abdominal distention Diagnosis: Cysticercus with opaque body at one end with an inverted scolex |
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Multiceps serialis |
Host: rabbit Common name:Larval tapeworm stage in rabbits Transmission: Larval stage of Taenia multiceps Clinical signs: Swelling, puffy skin Diagnosis: Cyst in subcutaneous tissue (may be palpable) |
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Eimeria spp., E. separata, |
Hosts: rat Common name: Coccidia of rats Transmission: Ingestion of sporulated oocysts Clinical signs: Nonpathogenic Diagnosis: Smooth-walled ellipsoidal oocysts 10-19×10-17 μm |
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Eimeria spp. |
Hosts: mouse Common name: Coccidia of mouse Transmission: Ingestion of sporulated oocysts Clinical signs: Nonpathogenic: moderate infections causing diarrhea Diagnosis: Typical oocyst |
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Eimeria caviae |
Hosts: guinea pig Common name: Coccidia of guinea pigs Transmission: Ingestion of sporulated oocysts Clinical signs: Usually none Heavy infection: diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, death Diagnosis: Smooth, oval, light brown oocyst measuring 13-26×12-23 μm |
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Eimeria spp. |
Hosts: rabbits Common name: Coccidia of rabbits Transmission: Ingestion of sporulated oocysts Clinical signs: Mild to severe Heavy infection: anorexia, severe diarrhea, distended abdomen, death Diagnosis: Characteristic oocysts |
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Cryptosporidium sp.
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Common name: Cryptosporidium Transmission: Ingestion of oocyst Clinical signs: Diarrhea Diagnosis: Smooth walled oocyst 7×5 μm |
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Klossiella muris |
Hosts: mouse, guinea pig Common name: Kidney worm of rodents Tranmission: Ingestion of sporocyst Clinical signs: None: mild nephritis Diagnosis: Sporocyst passed in the urine |
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Leptopsylla segnis |
Hosts: mouse Common name: Mouse flea Transmission: None Intermediate host for H. diminuta and H. nana Diagnosis: Very small flea 1-3mm in length |
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Spilopsyllus cuniculi |
Host: rabbit Common name: Rabbit flea Clinical signs: Adults feed in clumps inside pinna Vector of myxoma virus Diagnosis: 1.2-1.5mm in length Head long and slender |
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Polyplax spinulosa |
Host: rat Common name: Lice of rats Transmission: Direct contact Clinical signs: Large numbers cause irritation and anemia Diagnosis: Three pairs of legs end in clasping claws |
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Polyplax serrata |
Hosts: mouse Common name: Lice of mouse Clinical signs: Vector for Haemobartonella muris (rat) Vector for Eperythrozoon coccoides (mouse) Diagnosis: Eggs laid on host cemented firmly to the base of the hair |
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Gliricola porcelli |
Host: guinea pig Common name: Lice of guinea pigs Clinical signs: General body surface Diagnosis: Broad head, elongated body Eggs have distinctive operculum |
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Gyropus ovalis |
Hosts: guinea pig Common name: Lice of guinea pigs Clinical signs: Preference for head and face Diagnosis: Broad head Eggs with operculum |
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Myobia musculi |
Hosts: mouse Common name: Mouse fur mite Transmission: Direct contact Clinical signs: Mange, head and face Diagnosis: First pair of legs modified for gripping hair One claw on second pair of legs |
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Radfordia sp.
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Common name: Rodent fur mite Clinical signs: Mange, shoulders and back Diagnosis: Two claws on the second pair of legs |
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Myocoptes musculinus |
Hosts: rat, mouse Common name: Mouse/Rat fur mite Clinical signs: Mange, shoulders and back |
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Cheyletiella parasitivorax
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Common name: Walking dandruff mite Transmission: Direct contact Clinical signs: Occasional mange, shoulders and back Diagnosis: Medium-sized mite, very active, yellowish white body Short palpi with claw curving inward |
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Listorphorus gibbus |
Hosts: rabbit Common name: Rabbit fur mite Clinical signs: None Diagnosis: Listorphorus spp., smaller mite, body laterally compressed, broad head |
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Chirodiscoides caviae |
Hosts: guinea pig Common name: Guinea pig fur mite Transmission: Direct contact Clinical signs: None Diagnosis: Small mite, twice as long as broad |
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Psoroptes cuniculi |
Host: rabbit Common name: Rabbit ear mite Transmission: Direct contact Clinical signs: Ear cankers Diagnosis: Macroscopic, moving rapidly inside ear pinnae |
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Sarcoptes spp. Notoedres spp. |
Host: mouse, rat, rabbit Common name: Sarcoptic mange mite Transmission:Transfer of larvae and nymphs Clinical signs: Located in epidermal tunnels Causes generalized mange and alopecia Diagnosis: Round, fat mites Short, stubby legs Nonjointed pedicles |
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Demodex spp. |
Hosts: hamster, gerbil, rat Common name: Demodectic mange mite Transmission: Mite found in hair follicles Clinical signs: Dry, scaly skin with scabby lesions Diagnosis: Cigar-shaped mite with stumpy limbs placed evenly along the body |
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Melophagus ovinus |
Common name: sheep ked Transmission and life cycle: Obligatory parasite; spends entire life on host Clinical signs: Rubbing and scratching causes damage to wool and skin Diagnosis: Macroscopic Large numbers can cause anemia |
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Hypoderma spp. |
Common name: cattle grub Transmission and life cycle: Fly → egg → larva (migrate through host) → pupate on ground Clinical signs: Irritation to cattle, reduced weight gain, milk production, economic loss at slaughter Diagnosis: Macroscopic |
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Oestrus ovis |
Common name: nasal bot Hosts: sheep, goat Transmission and life cycle: Fly (L1-L3 in host) → pupate on ground Clinical signs: Nasal discharge, sneezing, rubbing nose Diagnosis: Macroscopic |
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Cuterebra spp. |
Hosts: lagomorph, dog, cat Common name: Warbles or wolves Transmission and life cycle: Fly → egg on ground, L1 on host migrate to L3 → pupate on ground Clinical signs: Fibrotic cyst in subcutaneous tissue Secondary infection with abcessation Diagnosis: Macroscopic |
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Anoplura
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Common name: Sucking lice Include: Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes, Pediculus |
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Mallophaga |
Common name: Biting lice Include: Dalalinia, Felicola subrostratus, Trichodectes canis |
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Ctenocephalides spp.
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Common name: Cat and dog fleas Host: Dog, cat Clinical signs: Adult on skin of host; larvae and pupae in the bedding/living area of host; can cause flea allergy dermatitis Diagnosis: Adults seen grossly Flea “dirt” (feces) on host |
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Hard ticks
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Clinical signs: Vectors for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, Q fever Diagnosis: Scutum ornate; basis capitulum parallel sided, palps short with festoons |
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Dermacentor spp.
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Common name: Pacific Coast dog tick (hard) Hosts: Dog, cat three-host tick |
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Ixodes scapularis
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Common name: Deer tick (hard) Hosts: Animals, humans three-host tick Clinical signs: Vector for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) Diagnosis: Scutum ornate; basis capitulum parallel sided, palps long, without festoons |
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Rhipicephalus sanguineus
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Common name: Brown dog tick (hard) Hosts: Primarily dog three-host tick Clinical signs: Vector for Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis Diagnosis: Scutum ornate; basis capitulum angular, palps short, with festoons |
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Argas persicus
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Common name: Fowl tick (soft) Hosts: Chicken, turkeys, and wild birds Clinical signs: Not routinely seen Diagnosis: Soft ticks have a leathery dorsal surface that lacks a hard plate (scutum) |
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Sarcoptes spp. |
Hosts: pig, dog, cat, horse, cattle, humans Common name: Sarcoptic mange mite Life cycle: Egg → larvae → nymph → adult all takes place on the host Transmission: by direct contact Clinical signs: Scratching, chewing, self-excoriation causing crust and scab formation Secondary infections can occur Diagnosis: Round mite with short stubby legs; posterior two pairs not extending beyond margins of the body; long unsegmented pedicles; dorsal spines |
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Demodex spp. |
Hosts: dog, cat, cattle, goat, humans Common name: Demodectic mange mite Life cycle: Adults in hair follicles lay eggs, larvae and nymphs at mouth of follicles Transmission: by direct contact Clinical signs: More common in dogs Lesions consist of varying degrees of scaling, alopecia, erythema, hyperpigmentation Diagnosis: Adult, anterior half of mite; eggs elongate; stubbly legs on adults may be seen on fecal float |
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Cheyletiella spp. |
Hosts: dog, cat, rabbit Common name: “walking dandruff” Life cycle: All stages on host, mites feed on epidermal debris Transmission: by direct contact Clinical signs: Dorsal seborrhea, generally nonpruritic Diagnosis: Adult, oval, long legs that extend beyond the margins of the body; terminal appendage on each leg is a fine comblike structure |
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Chorioptes spp. |
Hosts: cattle, sheep, goat, horse Common name: Foot and tail mite or itchy leg mite Location: Mites live on surface of the skin Transmission: by direct contact Clinical signs: Tail mange: cattle Scrotal mange: sheep Leg mange: horse Diagnosis: Adult, oval, long legs that extend beyond the margins of the body; pedicles are short and unsegmented with large suckers |
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Psoroptes spp. |
Hosts: cattle, sheep, goat, horse Common name: Ear mite Transmission: by direct contact or with infested material Clinical signs: Pruritus, alopecia Skin becomes thick and wrinkled Animals may become emaciated and die Not commonly seen Diagnosis: Adults, oval, long legs that extend beyond the margins of the body; pedicles are long and segmented |
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Otodectes cynotis |
Hosts: dogs, cats Common name: Ear mites of dogs and cats Transmission: by direct contact with infected host Clinical signs: Shaking head, scratching ears Severe infestations: head tilt, otitis media circling, convulsions Diagnosis: Adults, white motile with otoscope Adults, large, short unjointed pedicles with suckers on some legs |
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c.Dark brown, thick-walled egg, with a pitted eggshell |
How is Toxocara canis identified microscopically in the diagnostic stage? a.Clear, smooth, and thin-walled eggs b.Yellow-brown thick-walled eggs with striated shells and asymmetric plugs c.Dark brown, thick-walled egg, with a pitted eggshell d.L1 with S-shaped tail lacking a dorsal spine |
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a.Entry through the skin |
Ancylostoma caninum can be contracted by which route? a.Entry through the skin b.Autoinfection by remigration through the rectum c.A bite from an infected mosquito d.Ingestion of a flea |
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d. Flea |
The intermediate host of Dipylidium caninum is the: a. Squirrel b. Tick c. Cow d. Flea |
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a.Head tilt, otitis media circling, seizures |
Signs that would indicate a dog has a severe infection of Otodectes cynotis would include: a.Head tilt, otitis media circling, seizures b.Shaking head, scratching ears c.Skin becomes thick and wrinkled; emaciation sets in d.Severe tail, leg, or scrotal mange |
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b.Lyme disease |
Ixodes scapularis is the vector for: a.Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever b.Lyme disease c.Tularemia d.Q fever |
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d. Dipylidium caninum |
Which of the following parasites is zoonotic? a. Cystoisospora canis b. Trichuris vulpis c. Parascaris equorum d. Dipylidium caninum |
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d.Mallophaga |
Which order do the biting lice belong too? a.Hemiptera b.Anoplura c.Diptera d.Mallophaga |
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a.Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
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Which of the following is best diagnosed using the Baermann test? a.Aelurostrongylus abstrusus b.Toxascaris leonina c.Ancylostoma braziliense d.Physaloptera spp. |
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a. Detect Giardia oocysts and Trichuris ova more efficiently than regular flotation technique |
One of the great advantages of centrifugal flotation technique is to: a. Detect Giardia oocysts and Trichuris ova more efficiently than regular flotation technique b. Detect protozoa in feces c. Determine the number of eggs present per gram of feces d. Determine specific gravity of parasitic material and fecal debris |
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c.Oxyuris equi
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For which parasite is the cellophane tape method useful? a.Thelazia californiensis b.Eimeria spp. c.Oxyuris equi d.Balantidium coli |
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b.Cheyletiella spp. |
Which of the following is the parasite that is called “walking dandruff”? a.Reduviid bug b.Cheyletiella spp. c.Culicoides spp. d.Glossina spp. |
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d. Tapeworm |
A hexacanth is the detectable, infective stage of a: a. Tick b. Mite c. Pinworm d. Tapeworm |
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c.Flagellates |
Giardia and Leishmania are examples of: a.Ameba b.Ciliates c.Flagellates d.Sporozoa |
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c.Baermann technique |
Which of the following tests is best for removing lungworm larvae from small samples of feces? a.Centrifugation technique b.McMaster technique c.Baermann technique d.Direct smear technique |
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c. Cestodes |
Which subgroup do tapeworms fall under? a. Thorny-headed helminths b. Nematodes c. Cestodes d. Trematodes |
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b.Acanthocheilonema
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When diagnosing Dirofilaria immitis on a Knott’s test, the microfilaria must be differentiated from which of the following nonpathogenic filarial larvae? a.Onchocerca cervicalis b.Acanthocheilonema c.Stephanofilaria stilesi d.Aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
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d. Adult stage |
The life stage of the flea found on the skin of its host is the: a.Pupal stage b.Larval stage c.Egg stage d.Adult stage |
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a. 3 months |
The prepatent period for Trichuris vulpis is: a. 3 months b. 2 weeks c. 5-10 weeks d. 5-6 months |
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c.Narrower head than the thorax |
Sucking lice have which characteristic? a.Body laterally compressed, broad head b.Scutum ornate c.Narrower head than the thorax d.Basis capitulum |
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a.Pig |
Hyostrongylus rubidus is the red stomach worm of: a.Pig b.Cat c.Dog d.Horse |
