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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two main categories of parasites? |
- Helminthology - Arthopods |
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What in general is the effect of parasitism on a host? |
- Mechanical damage - Inflammation - Toxaemia (affects organs esp. nervous system) - Anaemia / poor performance - Decreased immunity and resistance |
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How does understanding parasite lift cycles help us in veterinary medicine? |
- Allows us to make informed diagnosis - Allows us to make informed pathology conclusion. - Allows us to identify windows of treatment - Allows up to manage and prevent spread of disease. - Allows us to protect other animals. - Allows us to protect public health. |
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How have parasites evolved to parasitism? |
- No need to developed sense organs. - No need for well-developed methods of locomotion (use host cells usually) - No or primitive digestive tract - Prominent organs of fixation - Well developed reproduction system (lays millions of eggs) |
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Even if a parasite is not pathological itself, how can it still result in pathology? |
- May reduce ability of host to fight infection (imuno-compromise host). - So other infections or diseases cause more severe pathology. - Could cause lesions which cause secondary infection and pathology. |
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What are the three main methods used to detect parasites? |
- Microscopical methods - Serological methods - Molecular methods |
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What are the main two types of serological testing for parasites? |
- Antigen-based assays - Antobody-based assays |
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What are the main types of molecular testing for parasites? |
- Conventional PCR. - Real-time PCR |
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What are the 5 main things you need to think about to reduce risk of parasite infection to other animals? |
- Treatment intervention - Hygiene - Nutrition - Risky behavior - Transmission (how it transmits) |
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Describe and give an example of parasitism. |
Where only one organism benefits from the interaction to the detriment of the other e.g. fleas, lungworm. |
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Describe and give an example of mutualism. |
Where organism of different species both benefit from interaction with eachother e.g. flower and honeybee. |
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Describe and give an example of commensalism. |
Where only one organism benefits from the interaction but it does not have any negative / detrimental effects on the other organism e.g. fish that live in the tentacles of sea anemone get protection, but do not cause anemone problems. |
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What is a facultative parasite? |
Parasite which can survive without a host (opportunistic pathogens).
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What is a obligate parasite? |
Parasite which at some or all stages of its cannot survive in the absence of a host. |
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What is the difference between and endoparasites and ectoparasites? |
Endoparasites: live internally in the host e.g. in gut. Ectoparasites: live externally on the surface of the host e.g. fleas. |
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What are the different types of host? |
- Definitive host - Intermediate host - Permissive host - Non-permissive host - Reservoir host - Paratenic host |
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What is a definitive host? |
The host in which parasite sexual reproduction occurs. |
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What is an intermediate host? |
The host in which parasite asexual reproduction occurs. |
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What is a permissive host? |
Host not normally used / utilised by parasite but that still favors completion of life |
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What is a non-permissive host? |
Host that does not allow for the completion of the parasite life cycle |
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What is a reservoir host? |
Temporary host in the absence of natural host (humans are this for many zoonotic diseases) |
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What is a paratenic host? |
Host that is used for transport of parasite e.g. rat and earthworms. |
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Whats the difference between a biological and mechanical vector? |
Biological: Vector that is needed by the parasite to complete part of it's life cycle e.g. mosquito. Mechanical: Vector in which the parasite does not complete any of it's life cycle within. |
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What is a direct life cycle of a parasite? |
Where all of the parasite's life cycle is completed in the same / one host. |
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What is an indirect lift cycle of a parasite? |
Where an intermediate host is needed to complete part of the parasite's lift cycle. |
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Give an example of an indirect life cycle. |
The mosquito and parasite D. Immitis. - Mosquito (vector) takes a blood meal from dog and ingests L1 parasites in blood. - Parasite matures from L1 to L3 (infectious) within mosquito (mosquito is neccesary). - Mosquito bites victim, takes blood meal, injects L3 into bloodstream. - Parasite matures from L3 to L5 in animal. - Mature parasites lay eggs (L1), ingested by other mosquito. |
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Give some examples of parasitic phyla (protozoa). |
(don't need to know all of these) - Microspora - Myozoa - Ciliophora - Apicomplexa - Ascetospora |
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What is the scientific / phyla name of a Roundworm? |
Nematode |
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What is the scientific / phyla name for Tapeworms? |
Cestodes |
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What is the scientific / phyla name for Liver Fluke? |
Trematode |
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Why might you mistake lungworm for other nematode infestations in some cases? |
So me nematodes have a "lung-phase" where lavae may stay in the lungs for a while, before residing in other parts of the body as adults. So the clinical effects of the lavae may be mistaken for lungworm or vice versa. |
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What tends to be the difference in clinical signs between Lungworm and other Nematodes? |
Lungworm causes parasitic bronchitis, also know as "Husk". Other nematodes can cause parasitic pneumonia. |
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Describe the morphology of lungworm. |
- 5cm to 8cm - Small buccal capsule - Boot-shape spicule |
