Parasites

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Trichuris trichura

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Trichuriasis- whip worm- Large Intestine, found in warm/moist areas, south east coast of United States eggs prone to desiccation.
Lifecycle- eggs released L1-L3 in environment humans ingest L3 from night soil/pollution. L4 in large intestine.
Symptoms- abdominal pain, nauseous, constipation, prolapsed rectum

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Trichinella spiralis

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Trichiniosis SMALL intestine of meat eating animals, low host specificity, northern hemisphere, poorly cooked pork can cause infection,
Lifecylce-L1 stage INFECTIVE, penetrates small intestine and goes into circulatory system into skeletal muscle and creates a NURSE CELL.
(1)eye, tongue, masticatory
(2) diaphragm, arms, legs
-calcifies
>>>second host ingest and becomes infected with L1 (L2,L3,L4) adult
symptoms- may be fatal with large infection
(1) 10days-2weeks becomes adult abdominal pain.
(2) MOST SERIOUS 10d-2w females produce migrating L1 inflammatory response strong swelling in fingers, eyes photophobia
(3) L1 larvae maintained in human can cause heart failure/cns damage
**can be inside and outside of a cell at once only known parasite to do that

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Strongyloides stercoralis

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"intestinal hairworm" subtropical, tropical (asia, africa) susceptible to desiccation.
Lifecylce- Direct life cylce adult in SMALL intestine L1 passes out with fecal material into environment and penetrates skin-circ system-lungs-trachea- swallowed- small intestine
Homogonic- female parasitic to parasitic lifecylce (parthenogenesis)
Heterogonic lifecylce- L3 larvae stage becomes L4 in soil produces L1 eggs and says in soil until produces an L1 parasitic offspring
Autoinfection- L1 hatches in digestive system penetrate SI and circ-lungs-trachea-smallI
symptoms- in SI only increase mucus secretion
Autoinfection cause biggest problem-molting in lungs destroy alveolar.
Larvae migrate to kidney-mothers milk-autoinfection
Must Have: Night soil,
fecal contamination,
H20 contact with L3 larval stage

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Necator americans

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New world "hookworm" found in humans SMALL intestine in tropical/subtropical areas

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Ancylostoma duodenale

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n/s america old world, se united states adult in humans hookworm

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Ancylostoma brazilience

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dogs "creeping eruption" hookworm

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Ancylostoma caninum

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dogs cats, cause death quickly to dogs and cats also creeping eruption "cutaneous larval migrans" hookworm

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Uncinaria

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cold weather hookworm Canada N. America Europe, N. Europe, hookworm

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Hookworm info

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egg-passed-L1 and L2 free living- L3 penetrates skin-lungs-circ-traq- small intestine
no autoinfection
seals get hookworm (TRANS-MAMMARY TRANSMISSION)
-feed on blood anterior cuticle and cut tissue, live 15 years. inhibit development anemia ,lethargy, swollen abdomen, less muscle cross eyed directly related to blood loss.

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Ascaris lumbricoides

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Round worm world wide distribution MOST COMMON NEMATODE IN AGRICULTURAL SETTING. humans only host, with poor sanitation
-lifecylce- adult in small intestine- produces egg (WARTY) L1 or L2 with egg ingested by humans, circ system, molts in lungs, goes up trachea L4,
-lots of eggs laid in small intestine
-WARTY egg resistant to chemicals
-lungs damaged with eggs in lungs ASCARIS PNEUMONIA fatal
-caloric deficiency/PROTEIN deficiency
-VERMINOUS INTOXICATION
-intestinal blockage gangrene
-peritonitis
-appendicitis
-destroy liver
-migrate to nose anus mouth

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Ascaris suum

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exactly like human round worm only in pigs, impacts size potential

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Toxocara canis

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dogs definitive host

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Toxocara cati

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cats definitive host
Lifecycle- puppy/cat small intestine-eggs-L2 infective stage- small intestine- lungs molts-up trachea- small intestine
ADULT- L2 larvael stage will hatch in smalli migrate from lungs and remain all of life- if pregnant blasts through placenta or mammary gland- TRANS-PLACENTAL TRANSMISSION
Any TRANSPORT HOST-can pick up L2 larvae, mice, chickens, rodents.

-effects growth, same symptoms, can be fatal, liver failure, visceral larval migrans

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Enterobius verminicularis

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only humans- pinworms DESCENDING COLON of large intestine.
-lifecylce- large intestine- adult female produces eggs- lays them in peri-anal skin- humans ingest extracellular not much damage.
-eggs prone to desiccation

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Dracunculus medinensis

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Guinea worm- female found underneath skin-legs-scrotum-long lived takes a year to show infection (AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST)
Life-cycle- female in subcutaneous-produces blister-ruptures when H20 touches it-dries out and goes back into sore-L1 larvae ingested by copepod,L2-L3 stage in copepod, humans ingest with L3 stage-penetrate small intestine male dies but female goes to skin-

split twig method-match stick method
go into anaphalectic shock and die

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Filarids- Filariasis

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humans/domestic animals, circ system, lymphatic, digestive, intermediate host blood sucking insect
Life-cycle- 1st stage microfilaria specialized to stay in host unrecognized
general- adult def. host- microfilaria produced- skin surface-ingested by insect blood feeding- L1,L2,L3 infects new definitive host while insect feeds by saliva pool and penetrates into skin becomes adult

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Dirofilaria immitis

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dogs/cats not normal host bc doesn't produce microfiliara found in East of the Mississippi, Oregon and Washington
-right atrium of canids
normallyheavy- problems with valves interferes with heart function
-blood flow blocked-fatigue
Hypertrophy- growing of muscle
10-20 worms kills dogs 1-2 kills cats
-if dog is excited the worms can flow into lungs and kill dog that way

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Wuchereria bancrofti

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lympatic filariasis elephantitis
more severe
-global, asia,africa

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Brugia malai

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lymphatic filariasis
arms legs scrotal sack, boobs,
takes 30 years for symptoms to appear
S.e. Asia pacific islands
3 phases-
(1) asymptompatic- normal immune response microfilaria but not rejecting
(2) inflammatory phase- well into 20's 30's hyper immunogenic response to microfilaria
(3) acute phase- lymphatic accumulation, permanent skin loses epithelial tissue, keep bacteria out of skin can survive
-vector prefers stagnant water

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Onchocera volvulus

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Onchoceriasis (river blindness or hanging groin)
Adults found beneath the skin connective tissue forms, NODULE called the ONCHOCERCOMA head is river blindness and groin is hanging groin.
life cycle- adult in dermis- microfilaria-- SIMULIUM- L2,L3L,L4 in insect- enters definitive host adults develop. Becomes adult contained in Onchocercoma produce microfilarai that go to skin.
Blindness- onchocercoma - microfilaria migrate to eye and cause scarring, tissue + wolbachia cause blindness.
found in- Africa- central america
FAST MOVING water.

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Trypanosoma brucei brucei

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african ungulates

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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

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c.w. africa chronic

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Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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eastern africa- acute phase

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Trypanosoma cruzi

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chagas disease south america metacyclic trypomastigote

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Leishmania tropica

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cutaneous- india/asia/africa

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Leishmania braziliensis

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mucotaneous c.s america

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Leishmania donovani

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visceral- africa, middle east

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Schistosoma mansoni

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africa- large mesenteric vein to large intestine

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Schistosoma japonicum

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asia- small intestine mesenteric vein

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Schistosoma hematobium

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africa/middle east urinary bladder