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77 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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"Common Equine Pinworm"
Cecum, colon, rectum Anal pruritis --> Rat Tail Scotch tape method |
Oxyurida equi
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"Rodent Pinworms"
Cecum, Proximal colon Scotch Tape, float |
mice - Cecum: Syphacia obvelata (+/- S. muris) --> Scotch Tape
Rat - Cecum: S. muris (+/- obvelata --> Scotch Tape & Proximal Colon: Aspicularis -->Fecal float Hamsters, Gerbils all 3 |
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"Human Pinworm";
Scotch tape |
Enterobius vermicularis
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Guinea worm
Raccoon, mink *Accidental - Dog SQ tissues - legs Lesions: Nodules, Blisters/ Non-healing ulcers on lower body |
Dracunculus insignis
Lesions- Blisters on the skin --> ulcerates --> female externalizes uterus in contact w/ water & realease L1 |
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"Stomach Worm of Dogs & Cats"
Canine, Feline IH = Coprophagous beetles Dx- Endoscopy, Fecal PINK FRESH |
Physaloptera spp.
L3 develops directly to adult in stomach (no migration) |
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"Eye Worms"
IH = muscid flies beneath 3rd eyelid, lacrimal ducts, conjunctival sac, aqueous humor Seasonal |
Thelazia spp.
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"Esophageal worm"
Canine IH = Dung beetes PH = Mice, chickens lizard Pathognomonic Aneurysms & Stenosis of throacic Aorta Nodule (granuloma) in walls of stomach, esophagus, +/- Aorta Dx- VOMIT (has worms), feces, demonstrate nodules, pathognomonic lesions at necropsy (thoracic aorta) Tx- Doramectin DDx- Physaloptera RED FRESH |
Spirocerca lupi
Larval migration: penetrate stomach walls into b.v. --> adventitia of visceral arteries & Aorta --> distal esophagus or stomach --> develop submucosal nodules --> "Fistula" (port-hole) in walls of stomach --> egg exits Complications: 1. Rupture of Aneurysm 2. Esophageal Nodule --> Neoplaisa 3. Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy (HPO) |
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"Esophageal Worm"; "Gullet Worm"
Ruminant, Swine, Equine, (Human) IH = Dung beetles, cockroaches Mucosa of Mouth, Esopahgus, Rumen RIBBON SHAPED |
Gonglyonema pulchrum
..larvae released into stomach & migrate crainally |
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Swine
IH = Dung beetle Stomach - attach to mucous & *mucus Asymptomatic, mild catarrhal gastritis DDx = Strongyloides, Metastrongyloides |
Physocephalus, Ascarops
L3 released into stomach & develops into adult |
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(Superfamily)
"Equine Stomach Worms" Equidae: Donkey, Mule, Zebra IH = maggots Stomach ~ Margo Plicatus Adult - Asymptmatic Fibrous Nodules in stomach "Summer Sores", "Cutaneous Habronemiasis" Dx- Fecal, necropsy, Deoonstrate nodules (draschia); skin scrape/biopsy Px- Fly control, Px/Protect/Tx wounds, worming, Granular conjunctivitis: Excise worms if irritating cornea Seasonal |
Habrobematoidea
(Draschia, Habronema) fly feeding-->L3 deposited in warm, moist areas (lips, nostrils, conjuncitava, wounds, genitalia), muzzle *Muzzle--> ingestion (others site = DEAD END) Draschia - Fibrous Nodules in stomach Larval migration: Wounds, prepuce: "Summer Sores", "Cutaneous Habronemiasis" |
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Ruminant, Equine
IH = Biting midges, Black flies Embedded in Ligaments, CT (equine: nucal, flexor tendon, suspensory ruminant: nuchal, CT btw rumen & spleen) Adults - Asymptomatic Mff - "Mff Allergic Dermatitis" Tx- Mffs - IVM Px- Insect control |
Onchocerca spp.
mff accumulate in derms (esp. ventral abdomen, umbilicus) --> IH --> L3 --> DH via midge feeding Mff Allergic Dermatitis -("Summer Mange", "Dhobie Itch", Mff pityriasis) (allergen = dead mff, bitingmidge) -mild alopecia, pruritis, eye lesions Tx - (IVM may result in short-term ventral edema) |
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"Abdominal or Peritoneal Worms"
Equine, Ruminant IH = Mosquitoes Free in Abdominal Cavity Asypmtomatic Clinical in Abberant location: Eyes, CNS, Scrotum Dx- Incidental, Blood smear |
Sertaria spp.
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"Umbilical Worms"
Bovine < 3 yrs. IH= Horn fly Lymphatics of Dermis Clinical: Mff: Chronic focal dermatiits Dx: Host, Clinical, Season Skin scrape (mffs) DDx: Scabies (mange - Sarcoptes); Pelodera dermatitis Seasonal |
Stefanofilaria stilesi
Adults in lymphatics of ventral abdomen --> mff in superficial lymphatics |
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Canine
IH= Flea, lice SQ CT(esp. fascia of limbs; peri-renal tissues) Asymptomatic *Infection implies Vector Infestation DDx- HW mff; Ag test |
Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum
Mff --> blood -->,,,,,--> L3 migrates to SQ tissue & matures A. reconditum - curved body; blunt head w/ cephalic hook; button hook tail, few in blood D. immitis - straight body , tapered head, straight tail, numerous in blood |
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"Aortic or Arterial Worm"
Mule Deer, Black Tail Deer Accidnetal - Elk, Sheep, Goats IH = Horseflies Adults in pairs in Arterial Lumen Clinical: Abberant Hosts: Elk - Endarteritis, endothelial , *Brain damage, Clear-eyed blindness Sheep/Goat - Chronic Vascular Dz Allergic Mff Dermatitis "Sorehead" Dx- Host, Clinical, Hx Skin scrape, biosies (=mff) Tx- Diethylcarbamazine, Piperazine (adults) Note:Can be wormse than Dz! Seasonal |
Elaephora schneideri
(NOT WTD) mff --> blood --> capillaries of skin fed by arteries occupied by adults (usually in the head) --> IH -->..... Elk -*Brain damage, Clear-eyed blindness from: Endarteritis, endothelial thickening, thrombi --> Ischemia & necrosis, Sheep/Goat -Sorehead- ipsillateral head, legs, ventrum - persist as long as mff (~2-3 years!) |
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"Heartworm"
Equine, Feline, Canine Canids: Woves, Coyotes, CA Sea lions, ferrents; Ferrets, Otters, Raccoons IH = Mosquito Caval Veins, Rt. Heart Chambers, Pulomary arteries Asymptomatic Lungs - Pulomary Hypertension --> RHF Caval Syndrome Wohlbachia Infection Pulmonary Dirofilarias in Humans ("coin lesions") Tx- Step-wise approach Dx- Adults - blood: HW Ag Mff - peripheral blood: Knott's, Filter, Buffy coat/ blood smear/ wet mount (whole blood) Direct Serum Abs Ancilllary - *Echocardiograph Seasonal periodicy Incomplete nocturnal periodicity |
Dirofilaria immitis
Heavy infections: may see coughing, dyspnea, weakness, exercise intolerance, RHF Caval Syndrome (aka "Liver Failure Syndrome", "Dirofilarial Hemoglobinuria") occurs in Dogs < 3 yrs Acute dz = EMERGENCY (severe weakness, lethargy, HW in RH, VC, Hepatic vv., *Hemoglobinemia & Hemoglobinuria --> obstr. BF through Tricuspid --> Passive congested liver --> Acute Hepatic Insuficiency --> Heart mumur & *Visible Jugual Pulse Echocardiocram - pathognomonic for Caval Syndrome (adults) See HW moving from RV <----> RA w/ ea. heart beat Wholbachia - Intracellular obligate intracellular rickettsia; vertical trsm endosymbiont of filiarila worms Tx- Canine: Doxy & IVM (prior to melarsomine tx) Tx- 1. Pre-Tx asses - confirm HW, Evaulate Cardio-Pulmo status (ELISA = severity); Tx & Prognosis 2. Eliminate Mff, L3, L4 - Macrolide HW Px (decr mass, decr risk of Pulmo emboli); exercise restriction 3. Eliminate Adults - Melarsomine (Immiticide) Watch for thromboemboli @ 7-10 d post-tx 4. Confirm Adulticide Eficacy - monthly Macrolide prophylactiacally to eliminate adults (1-2 yrs) ONLY USE W/ ASYMPTOMATIC DOGS HW Px - Pups > 8 wks; Dogs - Test for Ag & Mffs ----------------------- FELINE HW Cats more resistant: fewer L3 mature, mature more slowly, shorter adult life span (2 yrs vs. 5) Tx- Oral, topical Macrolides -------------------------------------- HUMAN HW *Ectopic sites |
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Canine, Feline
PH = Earthworm (*essential) Urinary Bladder epithelium Dx- Eggs in URINE DDx Trichuris |
Capillaria pearsonema
L1 ONLY HATCHES In EARTHWORM Infective L1 develops in environment --> IH/PH/DH --> migrates to preferred site |
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"Fox Lungworm"
*Fox, Canine, mustelids Mucosa of Trachea, Bonchi, Bronchioles GUT-LUNG MIGRATION Fox - Chronic Respiratory dz, Canine/Feline- Slight cough DDx - Trichuris |
Capillaria aerophila
also causes: Fox: unthriftiness, death severe in kittens |
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Carnivores, Omnivores
Viviparous--> PRELARVAE (no egg stage) **Requries ingestion of 1st Host by 2nd Host Sylvatic cycle Urban cycle Dx- Immunogenic Skin tests; Serologic tests Definitive = L1 in muscle (biopsy, trichinoscope, muscle digestion) Px- cooking, freezing meat; meat inspection (serologic); avoid and/or boil garbage feeding; rodent control; prevent livestock exposure to dead carcasses |
Trichenella spiralis
Host 1 - adult embedded in SI epithlium --> female produces prelarvae --> prelarvae invade blood, lymph --> straited muscle --> muscle cells --> develop to L1 --> develops gonadal primordia --> infective or survive in nurse cells Host 2 - ingests muscle of Host 1 --> L1s released into SI & invade SI epithelium --> develop to adults Sylvatic - infection maintained in wild population Urban - Swine, Rodents, Human USDA National Trichinae Certification Program - -------------------------------------- Humans - uncooked pork, bear, horse, herbivore, dog Human- Asymptomatic; may see gastroenteritis, myalgia, fever, pruitic skn rash, eosinophilia, conjunctiviits, periorbital edema death |
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"Gid Worm"
Canine IH = Ruminant, + Human Sheep, Goat- "Gid" aka "Staggars" Human - Coenurusosis |
Taenia multiceps
Staggers- Goat, Sheep - slow growing cyst --> eventually large enough to cause CNS signs --> blindness, circling, head-pressing Coneurosis - Human INGESTING FECES OF INFECTED DOG |
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"Broad Fish Tapeworm"
Largest tapeworm in Humans Canine, Felne, Bear, Otter, + Human 1st IH = Copepod 2nd IH = Fish (Northern Pike, Walleye) Mild catarrhal enteritis + "Norwegian Anemia" B12 deficiency Dx- Fecal float Px- Proper cooking, freezing |
Diphylobothrium latum
Adult in SI --> eggs in feces --> WATER --> coracidium develops in egg, hatches --> ingestion by 1st IH --> develops to plerocercoid --> 2nd IH --> plerocercoid in muscles --> DH --> develops into adult worm may also see: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, wt. loss, |
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"Zipper Worm"
Canine, Feline 1st IH = Copepod 2nd IH = Fish, Frog, Water snake, Rodent Empty proglottids shed in feces "unzip" Sparganosis Localized inflammation, edema, possible chills, fever Tx- Sx removal |
Spirometra mansonoides
Sparganosis - abberent vertebrae host w/ plerocercoid (=sproangium) invades SQ tissues --> inflammation & fibrosis Human INGESTS Copepod via 1. DRINKING WATER 2. Undercooked AMPHIBIANS/REPTILES, Raw Meat w/ Poultice(=migration from ambibian tissues |
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"Cumcumber Seed Tapeworm"
Canine, Feline, *Children IH = Flea larvae, Biting louse Cysticercoid Dx - Gravid proglottids Squash Prep, Fecal float (false negatives) Px- Watch for tapeworms & *Fleas PINK FRESH |
Dipylidium caninum
Proglottids shed in feces --> dehydrate, disintegrate, release eggs -- ingestion by Larval IH --> DH ingests adult IH --> cysticercoid released --> attaches to SI and develops to adult worm rough hair coat, wt. loss, unthriftiness, *loose stools/, constipation, anal pruritis |
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"Swine Measels"/"Measly Pork"
Human IH = Swine, Human Straited muscle Cysticercus cellulosae Lesion- Cysticerci visible as fibrous CT surrounds them ------------------------------ Human becomes IH if INGESTION OF INFECTED HUMAN FECES Neurocysticercosis cysticercus Px- Px HUMANS FROM DEFECATING IN PIG PENS |
Taenia solium
Proglottids shed in feces --> IH ingestion -- eggs hatch in pig intestine --> larvae pentrate gut wall --> enter blood --> straited muscle --> develop into cysticercus (infectious ~10 wks) --> ingestion by DH --> develops in SI to adult worm Nuerocysticercosis - cysticercoid develop in CNS --> mental disturbances: ~epilepsy or loss of vision |
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"Beef Measels"/ "Cysticercosis in Cattle"
Human IH = Cattle Straigted muscle (Heart, Tongue, Diaphragm) Lesion- Cysticerci visible as fibrous CT surrounds them Cysticercus bovis |
Taenia saginata
lesions eventually calcify (~9 mos) |
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Other taenia spp.
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T ovis/Cysticercus ovis
Dogs, wild carnivores IH = Sheep, Goats T hydatigena/ Cysticercus tenuicoli Dogs, wild carnivores IH = Rum, Swine --> "Waterball cysts" |
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"Cumcumber Seed Tapeworm"
Canine, Feline, *Children IH = Flea larvae, Biting louse Cysticercoid Dx - Gravid proglottids Squash Prep, Fecal float (false negatives) Px- Watch for tapeworms & *Fleas PINK FRESH |
Dipylidium caninum
Proglottids shed in feces --> dehydrate, disintegrate, release eggs -- ingestion by Larval IH --> DH ingests adult IH --> cysticercoid released --> attaches to SI and develops to adult worm rough hair coat, wt. loss, unthriftiness, *loose stools/, constipation, anal pruritis |
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"Swine Measels"/"Measly Pork"
Human IH = Swine, Human Straited muscle Cysticercus cellulosae Lesion- Cysticerci visible as fibrous CT surrounds them ------------------------------ Human becomes IH if INGESTION OF INFECTED HUMAN FECES Neurocysticercosis cysticercus Px- Px HUMANS FROM DEFECATING IN PIG PENS |
Taenia solium
Proglottids shed in feces --> IH ingestion -- eggs hatch in pig intestine --> larvae pentrate gut wall --> enter blood --> straited muscle --> develop into cysticercus (infectious ~10 wks) --> ingestion by DH --> develops in SI to adult worm Nuerocysticercosis - cysticercoid develop in CNS --> mental disturbances: ~epilepsy or loss of vision |
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Most common tapeworm of dogs in US
Canine IH = Rabbits, hares, rodents Lesions- Cysticercus in Liver & Peritoneal Cavity of Rabbits |
Taenia pisiformis
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"Beef Measels"/ "Cysticercosis in Cattle"
Human IH = Cattle Straigted muscle (Heart, Tongue, Diaphragm) Lesion- Cysticerci visible as fibrous CT surrounds them Cysticercus bovis |
Taenia saginata
lesions eventually calcify (~9 mos) |
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Feline
Lesions - Strobilocercus in Rodent Liver strobilocercus |
Taenia taeniaeformis
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Other taenia spp.
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T ovis/Cysticercus ovis
Dogs, wild carnivores IH = Sheep, Goats T hydatigena/ Cysticercus tenuicoli Dogs, wild carnivores IH = Rum, Swine --> "Waterball cysts" |
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Canine (Wild, Domestic)
IH = Ruminant, Swine, Moose, Caribou, Kangaroo Lesion - Fluid-filled cysts in Liver, Lung unilocular hydatid cysts Pastoral cycle (Sheep-dog & Shepard) Sylvatic cycle (Moose-wolf & Native americans) |
Echinococcus granulosus
oncosphere hatches --> penetrates gut wall into blood --> viscera --> lodges in beds in Lungs/Liver 00> develops into unilocular hydatid cysts producing protoscolices --> develop to adults in DH |
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Most common tapeworm of dogs in US
Canine IH = Rabbits, hares, rodents Lesions- Cysticercus in Liver & Peritoneal Cavity of Rabbits |
Taenia pisiformis
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*Red Fox, Canine, Feline
IH= Voles, Lemmings, Cattle, Equine, Swine, + Human Lesion - fluid-filled cysts in Liver & other sites; invasive Multilocular alveolar hydatid cysts |
Echinococcus multilocularis
metacestode --> multilocular alveolar hydatid cysts in Liver of IH ingesting eggs in infectious feces Cysts bud scolices from both internal & external surfaces -->not contained w.in host tissues--> progressive proliferation invasion of host tissues --> protscolives can METASTASIZE to other sites w/ 2o cyst development |
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Feline
Lesions - Strobilocercus in Rodent Liver strobilocercus |
Taenia taeniaeformis
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Canine (Wild, Domestic)
IH = Ruminant, Swine, Moose, Caribou, Kangaroo Lesion - Fluid-filled cysts in Liver, Lung unilocular hydatid cysts Pastoral cycle (Sheep-dog & Shepard) Sylvatic cycle (Moose-wolf & Native americans) |
Echinococcus granulosus
oncosphere hatches --> penetrates gut wall into blood --> viscera --> lodges in beds in Lungs/Liver --> develops into unilocular hydatid cysts producing protoscolices --> develop to adults in DH |
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*Red Fox, Canine, Feline
IH= Voles, Lemmings, Cattle, Equine, Swine, + Human Lesion - fluid-filled cysts in Liver & other sites; invasive Multilocular alveolar hydatid cysts |
Echinococcus multilocularis
metacestode --> multilocular alveolar hydatid cysts in Liver of IH ingesting eggs in infectious feces Cysts bud scolices from both internal & external surfaces -->not contained w.in host tissues--> progressive proliferation invasion of host tissues --> protscolives can METASTASIZE to other sites w/ 2o cyst development |
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"Sesame seed"
Canine (Wild, domestic), Feline 1st IH = unknown 2nd IH = Amphibians, Reptiles, Rodents, Birds *Note: DH (Canine, Feline) can ALSO SERVE AS 2nd IH!* Structure; Parauterine organ Asexual reproducition --> Reprolifeartion of Gut Canine Peritoneal Larval Cestodiasis (CPLC) 1st IH = cysticercoid 2nd IH = tetrahyridium Tx- pertinoeal lavage Fenbendazole (larvae) |
Mesocestoides
CPLC - Clinical - Episodic non-specific GI symptoms: ascites, anorexia, leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, diarrhea, vomiting, wt. loss, depression, abnormal body position (front down, rear up); painful, distended abdomen Dx- 1. Abdominal Radiographs: "ground glass" 2. Ultrasound: anechoic cysts w/ hyperechoic material) 3. Abdominocentisis - (poss false negatives - walled off) 4. Abdominal fluid: cloudy w/ flocculant material (mixed inflammatory cells w/ tetrahydria w/ calcareous corpuscles & ancephalic larvae CPLC Non-specific Dx; 1. Exploratory laparotomy - peritoneal fluid; larvae on serosal & peritoneal surfaces; inflammatory exudate & adhesions |
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Equine Cestodes
IH = Free-living orbatid mites Seasonal: Midsummer cysticercoid Piriform apparatus Squash prep; Fecal float |
Anoplocephala magna
SI Anocephala perfoliata (2 lapets below scolex) Cecum & Ileocecal valve COLIC Paranoplocephala mamilliana SI Seasonal - - proglottids shed late summer, early fall; adults persist through early winter |
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Ruminant Cestodes
IH = arthopods Seasonal: Patent Late summer Piriform apparatus, unarmed scolex |
Monezia spp., Thysanosoma acinoides
Segments containing eggs passed in feces --> eggs released w/ disintegration of segment -> egg ingested by IH --> develops to cysticercoid (infectious 1-4 mos.) --> DH ingests IH on forage --> larvae released & develop to adult worms Thysanosoma acinoides |
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"Fringed Tapeworm"
Small Ruminant IH = Barke Lice SI, Bile & Pancreatic Ducts Lesions - Bile duct hyperplasia & fibrosis Fecal float (= mature segments, adults) |
Thysanosoma actinoides
fringe on caudal edge of ea. proglottid can see: obstruciton of Bile +/- Pancreatic duct --> Digestive disorders & unthriftiness |
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"Whipworms"
Ruminant, Swine, Canine, Primates *Felines - Rare *DO NOT OCCUR IN EQUINE LI, + Cecum, Colon Structure: "bullwhip" Oral LANCET Recurrent Trichuris Infeciton (Canine) Dx:Fecal, necropsy Px: Santitaiton; Avoid housing in soil DDx: Capillaria eggs |
Trichuris spp.
Adults attacht to LI epithelium --> eggs passed in feces --> infective L1 develops in the environment --> DH --> Egg hatches in SI Females produce few eggs sproadically Mucosal Migration in Gut: Emerge --> LI Recurrent Trichuris Infeciton (Canine)- due to infective eggs in environment; continued post-tx maturation of larval stages (larvae less susceptible) Clinical- Adults feed on epithelial tissue, fluid, blood: Inflammation associated w/ atthachment to mucosal General: GI disturbace, diarrhea, poor wt. gain, poss. anemia (Fresh Blood in stool) Severity vairies w/ species: *YOUNG; Asymptomatic in older animals w/ lower numbers epithelium |
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Fish eating mammals: Raccoon, Spotted skunk, + Bear, Otter, Mink, Canine, Feline
1st IH = Freshwater or Brackish water snails 2nd IH = Salmonid Fish *Only located where both hosts are present (=NW US) Large population can kill young fish FLUKE = Vector for RICKETTSIAL Dz Neorickettsia helmintoeca 1. Salmon Poisoning (Canine) 2. Elokomin Fluke Fever Dx- Fluke eggs; Rickettsia in Lnn aspirate |
Nanophyetus salmincola
Egg passed in feces --> miricidium develops in egg in environment (~3 mos) --> miricidium hatches, penetrates snail --> asexual reproduciton --> cercaria develops--> exits snail --> penetrate fish & encyst as metacercaria in tissues --> DH --> metacercaria excyst from fish tissue --> attach to SI mucosa & mature into adult worms Note: Metacercaria can survive upto 5 yrs in 2nd IH; remains infected in dead fish for several mos. at lower temps can see superficial entertis, poss. hemorrhagic enterits Salmon Poisoning - Clin - sudden onset (incubation </= 5-7 days; anorexia, high fever, purulent ocular discharge, vomiting, profuse (+/- hemorrhagic) diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes Prognosis: 50-90% mortality w/o Tx; surviors immune Elokomin Fever- Broader host range; Less severe than Salmon Poisoning |
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Order Enoplida
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SF Dioctophymoidea
Sp. Dioctophyme (Canine, Feline) ST Trichenelloidea Canine, Feline- Trichuris, Capillaria Pearsonema Ruminant- Trichuris, Capillaria Swine - Trichurs, Trichinella Avian - Capillaria Ruminant - Trichuris, |
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Order Oxyuroidea
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Equine- Oxyuris
Human- Enterobius Ruminant- Syphacia |
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Order Spirurida
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SF Dracunculoidea
Dracunculus SF Physalopteroidea Canine, Feline- Physaloptera SF Thelazoidea SF Spiruroidea Canine, Feline - Spirocerca Ruminant - Gongylonema Swine - Ascarops/Physocephalus, Gongylonema SF Habronematoidea Equine - (Drascia, Habronema) SF Filariodea Canine, Feline - Dipetalonema, Dirofilaria Equine - Onchocerca Ruminant - Stephanofiliria, Elaeophora, Setaria Avain - Chandlerella |
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Prepatent Periods
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NEMATODA
Oxyuroidea equi- 5 mos Dracunculus insignis - 309-410 d Physaloptera spp.- 131-156 d Thelazia spp. - 3 mos Spirocerca lupi 5-6 mos Physocephalus, Ascarops- 50 d Dirofilaria immitis- 6 mos Dictophymoidea renale- 4-5 mos Trichuris spp.- 6-15 wks Capillaria aerophila- 40 d PLATYHELMINTHES Dipylidium caninum- 3 wks Taenia solium- 10 wks Taenia saginata- 5 mos Mesocestoides- 16-46 d Equine Cestodes- 4-6 wks Nanophyetus salmincola- 5-8 d Alaria spp.- 10 d Paragonimus kellicoti- 4-5 wks Fasciola hepatica- 2-3 mos Dicrocoelium dendriticum- 10-12 wks Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceous 2-3 mos Linguatula serrata 6 mos |
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Feline
1st IH = snail PH= lizards, toads Liver & Bile ducts Clinical - Hepatic dysfunction |
Platynosomum fastosum
also see: anorexia, dirrhea, vomiting, icterus |
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Canine, Feline, + Mink
1st IH = snail 2nd IH = frog, toad *Note: Human can become PH by INGESTING mesocercaria in 2nd IH (FROGS, TOADS) LUNGS - coughed up, swallowed |
Alaria spp.
mesocercaria (metacercaria) released from muscles of PH/2nd IH into DH --> migrates to blood or body cavities --> LUNGS --> coughed up, swallowed --> SI --> develop to adult worms can see: Duodenitis |
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Mink, Muskrat, Canine, Feline, Swine, + Human
1st IH: Aquatic amphibious snail 2nd IH = Fresh water Crayfish Seasonal: Infective Late Summer, Early Fall LUNGS --> coughed up, swallowed Dx: Sedimentation, Fecal float *Sputum, Tracheal Wash Radiograph (cysts in lungs) RED-GREY MOTTLED BROWN FRESH |
Paragonimus kellicoti
"coffee bean" DH ingests 2nd IH w/ metacercaria --> excyst in gut --> enter peritoneal cavity from gut --> mirate through DIAPHRAGM --> LUNGS --> penetrate lung parenchyma --> mature into adult cysts (cysts communicate w/ bronchioles) Eggs coughed up, swallowed, passed may see: lethargy, intermittent cough, hemoptysisl, death *Cystic development in other organs (ie. Brain) Larval migraiton: Eosinophilic peritonitis, pleuritis, myositis, multifocal plerual hemorrahges Adult flukes: Chronic bronchiolitis --> Hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium Chronic Eosinophilic Granulomatous Pneumonia (assoc w/ degernating eggs in alveoli) often Rt. Cd lung lobe ~28 d post-ingestion of Crayfish |
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Ruminant Liver Flukes
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Fasciola hepatica - "Common Liver Fluke"
Fascioloides magna - "Large American Liver Fluke" Dicrocoelium dendriticum - "Lancet Fluke" |
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"Liver Fluke"
Liver Rot Ruminants, Camelids IH = Lymneid stails *Bile Duct, Liver, Peritoneal Cavity Seasonal TRSM Highly Dependent on Weather!! (IH) LIVER ROT (fibrotic fluke tracts ~> hypoalbuminemia) Bottle Jaw; Anemia Fascioliasis "Pipe Stem Liver" Black's Dz Sedimentation; Fluke-finder Tx- Clorsuln (Adults & LARVA) (Albendazole (adults)) Px- pasture management--> fence off & drain wet areas; prophylactic anthelm DDx- Rumen Fluke eggs REDDISH GREY-BROWN FRESH |
Fasciola heatica
Adults in Bile duct pass eggs --> GIT --> feces --> contact w/ WATER & miracidium develops --> egg hatches (8-12 d) --> penetrates IH --> asexual rpro --> cercaria emerge --> encyst as metacercaria on vegetation --> DH --> excyst in GIT --> penetrate gut wall --> Peritoneal cavity (~migrate several days) --> penetrate Liver Capsule (~wondr around 7-8 wks in parenchyma) --> Bile Ducts & mature into adults (surrvive </= 1 yr; 1-2 mos on silage) TRSM IH= prefers slightly acidic soil & slow moving water --> estivate in dry, freezing condtions Clinical Larval Migration anorexia, depression, weakness, sudden death (</= 48 hrs after onset) Severity determined by nos. --> hemorrhage +/- death Migr destroys parenchyma --> Liver ROT (fluke tracts that become fibrotic)--> reduced capacity --> decreased albumin Adults - Bile duct - anemia, pale mm, +/-icturus "bottle jaw"; distrup digtesion --> poor dooer; loss of condition; decr production; death Non-seasonal - liver damage cumululate Anemia - blood sucking activity; ; produce proline that inhibits erythropoiesis & damage to bile duct epithelium (spines) --> leaky epithelium --> additional blood loss (RBC, plasma proteins) --> Anemia, Hypoproteinemia, Hypoalbuminemia Fascioliasis -adults in bile duct --> duct hyperplasia, fibrosis, calcification Black's dz - Cl. navi from GIT --> Liver --> proliferation in anaerobic envir (due to flukes) --> DEATH OF HOST (Dx- Acute Fascioliasis is undetectable) |
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Rumen Flukes
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Paramphistomum - cattle, wild cervids (deer, moose)
Cotylophoron spp. - Sheep, goats |
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"Large North American Liver Fluke"
WTD *Accidnetal - Ruminants, Cervids, Camelids IH = Aquatic lymneid snail Seasonal NON-PATENT= EGGS CANNOT EXIT!!! HOST = DEAD END (Fecal IS USELESS) Lesions - Flukes walled off in Liver parnchyma in fibrous capsules "FLUKE VOMIT" Px- Keep WTD out of pastures; Drain/fence of bodies of water REDDISH GREY FRESH |
Fascioloides magna
Miracidium develop in eggs in environment --> hatch --> infect snail --> cercaria --> encyst as metacercaria on aquatic vegetation --> DH Sheep, Goats highly susceptible - 1 fluke DEADLY --> EXT LIVER NECROSIS & HEMORRHAGE; Unable to stop larval migration --> Larva wonder into other organs (Lung, Heart, Major vessels - not encapsulated/walled off) |
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"Lancet Fluke"
Ruminant (Wild, domestic) + others (1o = Sheep; Uncommon in cattle) 1st IH = TERRESTRIAL SNAIL 2nd IH = ANT Bile Ducts "SLIME BALLS" Lesions - Bile Duct Hyperplaisa & distention Liver Cirrhosis |
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Adults in Bile ducts pass eggs --> feces --> IH --> miracidium hatches --> asexual generation --> cercaria (~3 mos) --> leave small balls of mucus "Slime Balls" --> 2nd IH ingests slime balls --> metacercaria develop in ANT abdominal cavity (1-2 mos) --> affect BEHAVIOR --> Ants attache to herbage --> ingested by DH grazing --> metacercaria excyst while in GIT --> migrate up Intestine --> Liver & Bile Ducts & mature into adult worms may see: anemia, emaciation, edema *Hosts develop little immunity |
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Cattle, Wild Cervids,
(More common in *Moose & Deer) Rumen, Reticulum (Ventrally) US- Nonpathogenic TROPICS/SUBTROPICS- Clinical dz Sedimentation DDx: Fasciola hepatica Tx- None unless infected w/ Liver flukes too (Cloruson, Alben) |
Paramphistomum
Adults attach to ventral mucosa of Rumen/Reticulum --> eggs passed in feces --> hatch to miracidium --> IH for asexual repro --> cercaria --> encyst on vegetation as metacercaria --> Ingested by DH --> excyst in Duodenum --> enter duodenal mucosa & emerges into lumen --> migrates cranially to Rumen/Reticulum & mature to adults TROPICS/SUBTROPICS- Immature migration in gut mucosa: inflammation, hemorrhage, diarrhea, anemia, dehydration, death |
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"Giant Thorny Head"
Swine, + Human IH = June Beetle, Dung Beetle (grubs, adults) SI (*jejunum) PUBLIC HEALTH Dx-Float, necropsy Px- avoid infestation of raw grubs/beetles Sanitaion, Pasture roration, Plow pasture to control grubs, *Confinement rearing Tx- IVM in feed |
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceous
Adults attach to SI mucosa in pig --> eggs w/ acanthor larva pass in feces --> IH grub ingests eggs --> acanthor hatches --> develops & encysts in body cavity as cystacanth (infective ~ 3 mos.) --> DH ingests adult IH --> cystachant excysts & develops to adult worm (adults survive ~9-10 mos) may see: diarrhea w/ flecks of blood, unthriftiness, acute abdominal pain; poss perforation of attchmet wite w/ focal peritonitis Human - abdominal pain; Intestinal perforation (China, Thialand) also Tx- Loperamid |
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Carnivore (Canine, Fox,Wolf...)
IH = Herbivores (Ruminants, Rabbits, Rodents..) Nasal Passages & Nasal Sinuses Trsm: NASAL SECRETIONS Suppurative Rhinitis Dx- visually examine nasal passage; Detect eggs in nasal exudate, Float Tx- Physical removal |
Linguatula serrata
Adults attached to mucosa in nasal passages & sinuses --> pass eggs w/ sneezing --> egg ingested by IH --> larvae hatch in gut --> penetrate gut wall --> invade Mesenteric Lnn +/- Abdominal viscera (via blood) --> develop into NYMPHS (molt, lose legs) & Encyst --> DH ingests IH --> excysts in gut --> migrates crainially to Nasal passages & matures to adult arthropod Clinical - Suppurative Rhinitis -parasite acts as foreign body in nasal passage --> irritation cause catarrhal inflammation & rhinitis w/ mucopurulent (+ blood-stained) exudate; sneezing fits of dyspnea IH- Clinically asymptomatic (incidental @ necropsy) -nymphs in mesenteric Ln, Liver, SKidney, Liung, etc (in small cyst w/ thick cloudy fluid) |
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"Swimmer's Itch"
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Avian Trematodes
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(Order)
Birds, Fish, Acquatic Food chain Structure - Adult - genital & uterine pore CENTRALLY Egg- operculated, yellow, single-cell embryo Cycle- Contact w/ WATER --> CORACIDIUM develops in egg & hatches Metacestode forms: 1. PROCERCOID (invertebrate) coracodium w/o cilia 2. PLEROCERCOID (fish) solid body w/ protoscolex Egg--> Coracidium --> Procercoid --> Plerocercoid --> Adult |
Order Pseudophyllidea
"Broad Fish Tapeworms" -Diphylobothrium latum Spirometra mansonoides |
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(Order)
Adults = Tissue spaces, Body cavities,Blood & lymph vessels NOT GIT VIVIPAROUS --> mff (L1) L1 circulate in Blood/Lymph & accum on Skin Indirect cycle IH = Vector |
Spirurida
Filariodea |
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(Order)
Parasitic CALCAREOUS BODIES (Corpuscles) Scolex, neck, proglottids/stobila |
Platyhelminthes
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(Platyhelminthe Subclass)
proglottids, acetabulum, Larval stage in Prey or Ectoparasite oncosphere - hexacanth embryo(w/ empbryophore)- |
Cyclophyllida
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(Platyhelminthe Subclass)
corocodium- hexacanth embryo (swims 12 hrs & dies if not ingested by IH) eggs, bothrium, *CENTRAL*uterine pore & genital pore, *operculated eggs |
Pseudophylloidea
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(Order)
Indrect Hermaphroditic Tegument = absorptive Aceolomate No GIT Eggs/proglottids passed in feces --> ingested by IH & develop into larva (METACESTODE) --> DH & develop to adult worms |
Flatworms
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(Order)
Adults - lack tail Eggs- ONCOSTYLE |
Enoplida
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(Super Family)
Order Enoplida Host- Carnivores Eggs- Nonembroynated - L1 develop in contact w/. water Lesions - cyst like cavities containing adults |
Dictophymoidea
Dictophyma renale |
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(Super Family)
Order Enoplida Structure - Anterior body narrow - ONLY ESOPHAGUS; posterior = wide *Distinct 2-part esophagus anteiror = short, musclular, non-glandular posterior = sticosome (long, glandular Eggs - L1 infective! (except. Trichinella (=prelarvae!)) persist in environment for years |
Trichenelloidea
Trichuris Capillaria Trichinella |
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(Super Faimly)
Oxyurida Large Intestine Egg = Larvated L1, operculated Direct w/ infective L3 |
Oxyuroidea
Oxyurida equi Syphacia, Aspicularis Enterobius vermicularis |
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(Super Faimly)
Oxyurida Egg =Larvated L1 (except Filariodea = L1 = Mff (no eggs) Indirect IH = arthropod |
Spirurida
Dracunculus insignis Physaloptera Thelazia Spirocerca lupi Gonglyonema pulchrum Physocephalus/Ascarops |
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Order Cycophyllidea
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Dipylidium caninum
Taenia spp. Echinococcus spp. Mesocestoides LARVAL STAGES IN PREY OR ECTOPARASITE |
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"Tongue Worms"
Dh: Predaceous Reptiles, Birds, Mammals arthropod-->crustacea-->maxillopoda-->pentastomida structure- elongated, "tongue shaped" ~worm vs. arthropod; speudosegmented, transverese striations w/ rings, anterior tick, flat ventrally COMPLETE GIT SEPARATE SEXES |
Pentastomida
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(Plylum)
Proboscos Non-segmented body parasitic BODY CAVITY present No GIT SEPARATE SEXES |
Acanthocephala
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integument w/ spines
Acollomate 2 suckers to attach to host (anterior = oral; ventral = acetabulum) hermapohroditic GIT = muscular pharynx --> esophagus --> blind end/cecum Adult --> egg --. MIACIDIUM (ciliated free swimming --> IH)/sporocytes (no GI)/rediae (rudiment GI) --> CERCARIA(leave snail) --> METACERCARIA (2nd IH or encyst on vegetation) Sedimentaiton |
Trematoda
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(Species)
DH = can develop signs ~ Dipylidium IH = Asymptomatic Carnivore SI --> shed progottieds in feces --> IH ingests eggs --> CYSTICERCUS in IH tissues (coenurus, stobilicercus, some spp)--> DH ingests IH & develops to adult in DH SI from PROTOSCOLEX Structure - Adult - 4 suckers w/ 2 rows of hooks +/- rostellum single lateral genital pore (either side) Eggs ~taenia, brown embryophore w/ hexacanth embryo & radial striations ~ Echinococcus Metacestodes Cysticercous - single fluid filled cyst w/ 1 protoscolex omentum, mesentary, serosa of organs coenurus - multiple protoscolices varied location Clinical - "Cysticercus" - (can see: poor wt. gain, traumatic hepatitis, contamination of meat, organs) coenurus - ressure atrophy Squash prep, Fecal float Dipylidium Px- Px hunting |
Taenia spp.
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"Giant Kidney Worm"
*Mink, Mustelids, Ruminants, Swine, Equine, Canine, Feline..(Racooon, Coati, Seal, Brown Rat, Skunk, Bear) + Human IH = Aquatic oligochate (annelid) PH= Frongs, Fish (Catfish, Pike *Note: PH<--L3-->PH *Right +-/ Left Kidneys, Peritoneum Larval Migraiton: (Stimach-->Liver-->Peritoneum-->Kidneys) Clinical- One Kidney - Asypmtomatic Both- Renal Dz Peritonel = NON PATENT! Dx- Eggs in URINE Tx- One kidney - Removal Both-Remove worms + Supportive Care Px- Px access to Waterways, Px ingestion of PH in endemic areas (frogs, fish) RED FRESH |
Dictophyma renale
Structure- Adult sized to fit host Adults ~ Rt. kidney pass eggs in feces --> L1 develops in WATER (~1 mos.)--> Larval Migration: Stomach -->Liver --> Peritoneal Cavity --> Kidneys (renal pelvis) One Kidney - parenchyma of kidney destroyed ~ poss calcification of renal capsule Both- Renal Dz: Dehydration, vomiting, *HEMATURIA, kidney enlargement Peritonel = NON PATENT - Adults - hemorrhages Eggs- mild fibrinous peritonitis; adhesions *Note - Dx- requires 1 ADULT FEMAILE & 1 ADULT MALE (Note L1 can survive in egg for yrs.) |
