Para: Specimen Collection And Processing

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substances that preserve the morphology of protozoa and prevent further development of certain helminth eggs and larvae

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FixativesTwo

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2 concentration of formalin used

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5% and 10%

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formalin concentration that ideally preserves protozoan cust

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5%

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formalin concentration that preserves helminth eggs and larvae

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10%

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3 advantage of the use of formalin

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it is easy to prepare, preserves specimen up to several years, it has a long shelf life

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disadvantage of formalin

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it does not preserve parasite morphology adequately for permanent smears

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OSHA formalin handling regulation for laboratory

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monitoring of vapor, use of protective clothing, a comprehensive written chemical hygiene plan

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is a compromised of a plastic fober that acts as an adhesive for the stool specimen when preparaing slides for staining

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polyvinyl alcohol

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This is combined with polyvinyl alchol. This contains zinc sulfate, copper sulfate or mercuric chloride as a base

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Schausinn solution

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This is the parasites detected by using fixatives

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Tropozoites and cyst of the protozoa as well as most helminthic eggs

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Two vial system

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Formalin vial and PVA vial

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vial for the concentration technique

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formalin vial

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vial for the stained slide

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PVa vial

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used for preparing smears for staining with modifies acid fast stain to detect coccidian oocyts

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Sodium Acetate formalin

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disadvantage of Sodium Acetate formalin

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adhesion property not good

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ensure adhesion of the specimen to the slide

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Albumin

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compound containing copper and zinc sulfate

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Polyvinyl Alcohol

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do not provide the same quality of preservation for adequate protozoan morphology on permanent stained slide as the mercury based fixatoves

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polyvinyl alcohol

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This provide better result than copper sulfate reagent

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Zinc sulfate

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free from formalin and mercury and can be used for concentration technique and oermanent atained smears

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Single-vial fixatives

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This is the analytical phase of laboratory testing

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processing

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Parasite present in soft or liquid stools

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protozoan trophozoites

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Parasite found in fully formed stool

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Protozoan cyst

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parasite found in liquid or formed stool

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Helminth eggs and larvae

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Range of stool color

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black to green to clay

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color of normal stool

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brown

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stool color that suggest that a person is on a particular medication

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purple, red or blue

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Gross abnormalities found in stool

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adult worm, proglottids, pus and mucus

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suggest the presence of amebic ulceration in the large intestine

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blood and/or mucus in loose or liquid stool

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Usually associated with irritation and bleeding

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Bright red blood on stool

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3 distinct procedures for microscopic examination of ova and parasite

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direct wet preparation, concentrated technique leading to concentrated wet preparation and permanently stained smear

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The most important piece of equipment in the parasitology laboratory

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microscope

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a specially designed ocular piece with a measuring scale

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Ocular micrometer

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unit for measurement in diagnostic stages of parasites microscopically

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micron

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is the disk inserted to the eyepiece of the microscope

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ocular micrometer

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is performed with the use of stage micrometer containing a calibrated scale divided into 0.01 mm

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calibration

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a slide made by mixing a small portion of unfixed stoolwith saline or iodine and subsequent examinationof result micture in microscope

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direct wet preparation or direct wet mount

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Direct wet preparation or direct wet mount

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detect the presence of motile protozoan trophozoites

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provide the ability to detect small number of parasites that might not be detected using direct wet preparation

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concentration technique

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aggregate parasites present into a small volume of sample and to remove as much debris as possible

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concentration technique

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Two type of concentration method

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sedimentation and floatation

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most widely used sedimentation technique

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formalyn ethyl acetate sedimentation technique

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parasite sink and feces float

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formaly ethyl acetate sedimentation

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parasite float and feces sink

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zinc sulfate flotation technique

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defined as a microscope slide that contains a fixed sample that has been allowed to dry and subseuently stained

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permanent stained smear

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if a permanent stained smear is not performed this parasite will likely be missed

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Dientamoeba fragillis

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Helminths are best detected on this technique

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comcentration technique

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2 common used stain for O and P

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trichrome and hematoxylin

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most widely used permanent stain

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Wheatly trichrome

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reveals excellent morphology of intestinal protozoa

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iron hematoxylin

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do not detect oocyst of the coccidian parasite or spores of microsporidia

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specialized stain

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Simpler method for collecting duodenal material without requiring intubation

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enteritest

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specimen of choice for the detection of Enterobius vermicularis

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cellophane tape prep

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most common type of specimen for parasite evaluation

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fecal specimen

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Blood tube for parasitology

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EDTa

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contains fixative and stain in one solution

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Wrights stain

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separate fixative and stain

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Giemsa stain

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designed to concentrate blood specimen suspected of containing low number of microfilariae

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Knott technique

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a layer of WBC between plasma and RBC as the result of centrifugation

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buffy coat

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inoculated the addition of single drop of blood or tissue

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Novy-MacNeal- Nicolle

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typically collected and tested from patients suspected of being infected of the lung fluke Paragonimus stercoralis

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sputum

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specimen of choice dor the detection of Schistomas Haematobium eggs

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Urine

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sample of choice for the detection of E. gingivalisband Trichonomas tenax

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mouth scraping

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is the technique used for the diagnosis of Chagas disease

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Xenodiagnosis

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usually considered as an adjunct or supplement to standard lab protocol

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Immunologic testing

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only commercial molecular twst available for detecrion of T. vaginalis

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Nucleic acid test