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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetic engineering |
The transfer of single genes from one organism to another in such a way that the gene is expressed in its new host |
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Recombinant DNA |
A form of DNA that does not occur naturally |
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Transgenic |
Obtains genes from another organism |
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Genetically modified organism |
An organism that has developed from a cell with recombinant DNA |
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Biotechnology |
The use of living organisms , usually micro- organisms to provide us with a substance or process |
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Process of genetic engineering |
Genes can be 1.turned on /off 2.deleted / deactivated 3. Foreign genes can be inserted (using restriction and ligase enzymes( |
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Artificial hormone production |
Extract desired trait (DNA ) using restriction enzymes Obtain plasmid from bacterium Insert DNA into the plasmid to form recombinant DNA Insert vector into bacterium to multiply and produce mass insulin amounts |
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GMO crop transformation methods |
Gene gun Agrobacterium method Tissue culture |
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Gene therapy example |
Eg cystic fibrosis - normal genes inserted into patients lungs / it inhaled |
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Benefits of gene technology |
GMO for a specific purpous Specific products can be made Reduce the use of hardh chemicals for plants |
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Dangers of gene technology |
Crops could become super weeds Reduce crop biodiversity Reduce genetic diversity |
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Cloning methods |
Fertilized egg cell Somatic cell |
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Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction |
Number of parents . 1 vs 2 Process involved . mitosis vs meiosis and fertilisation Gamete formation . none vs gametes Type of offspring. Identical vs different Value . well adapted vs adapt easily rate of reproduction . fast vs slow energy input . more efficient vs more energy required Outside agents. None vs pollinators Ability to adapt . no vs yes |
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Advantages of asexual reproduction |
No need to find a mate Simple and fast Favourable mutations spread easily |
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Disadvantaged of asexual reproduction |
No variation Overcrowding |
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Advantages of sexual reproduction |
Variation Greater chance of survival Lower risk of inheriting disease |
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Disadvantage of sexual reproduction |
More energy required Slower Outside agent needed |
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Male parts of a flower |
Stamen Anther Filament Pollen grain Gametes |
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Female parts of a flower |
Stigma Style Ovary Ovule Seed |
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Petal function |
Attract insects |
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Sepal function |
Protect flower |
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Stamen function |
Male reproduction organ |
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Filament function |
Support the anther |
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Carpel |
Female reproductive organ |
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Ovary function |
Contain ovules and developes into seeds when fertilised |
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Fertilized ovules and ovary |
Ovules - seeds Ovary - fruit |
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Function of a flower |
Contain the reproductive organs and ensure fertilisstion occurs |
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The difference between pollination and fertilisation |
Pollination occurs before fertilisation , pollinstion is the transfer of pollen whereas fertilization is the fusing of the male and female gametes |
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The use of seed banks to maintain biodiversity |
2 types 1. natural - seeds from plants that havent had the right conditions to germinate 2.artificial- buildings set up to store seeds from a variety of plants ... They keep the wild type of a plant
Ensures that there is variety of livibg organisms |
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The importance of seeds as a food source |
Biggest food source with high butritionsl value , cheap to produce |
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Historical improvement of crops |
Domestication of wild crops 1.asexual reproduction - desirable traits amd ensuring those characteristics persist eg cuttings ,runners , harvesting tubers 2.Grafting - the top of one plant the scion onto root stock of the other 3.sexual reproduction - selective cross pollination / self pollination |
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Modern techniques to improve crops |
1.GMO 2.mutagenesis 3.polyploidy |
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How do we ensure food security? |
1.improve yield ( more nutritionally superior crops out of same amount of land ) - asexual reproduction , cuttings grafts and tissue culture , fertilizers , GMO 2. Decrease impact of drought and pests - tissue culture of disease free plants , GMO pest and herbicide resistant crops 3.grow crops in previously unfarmable areas - GMO , farming techniques eg irrigation and green houses 4.increase nutrient uptake - fertilizers |
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Name the parts of a flower |
Ovule Ovary Style Stigma Pistol Anther Stamen Filament Sepal Petal |
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What hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus |
Anti diuretic hormone |
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What hormones are secreted by the pituatary gland |
Thyroid stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Lutenizing hormone Growth hormone |
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What hormones are secreted by : 1.thyroid gland 2.pancreas 3.adrenal gland 4.gonads |
1. Thyroxin 2.insulin and glucagon 3.adrenalin 4. Testosterone & oestrogen |
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Endocrine gland |
Secrete into the blood stream |
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Exocrine gland |
Secretes directly to target orgam through duct |
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Name the following endocrine glands |
Picture shows it |
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Explain what occurs in the pancreas |
Islets of langerhans 1. Alpha cells secrete glucagon which converts glucogen to glucose in the liver 2. Beta cells secrete insulin which converts glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscles |
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Describe type 1 and type 2 diabetes |
Type 1 is an auto immune disease resulting in people to become hyoer glycemic as the body doesnt produce enough insulin to lower the glucose levels Type 2is a result of lifestyle choices , those who are overweight become insulin resistant |
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What are some effects of adrenaline |
Adrenaline results in close on all the bodies sugar being released at once Heart rate increase aswell as BP Increased respiration rate |
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Give the gland , stimulu , target organ and affect and disorder of the following hormones : ADH , TSH , FSH , LH , prolactin , GH , thyroxin |
1.hypothalamus amount of water in the blood nephrons (kidney) conecntrates urine to restore water balance kidney disorder 2.pituatary level of thyroxin thyrpid gland stimulates to release thyroxin 3. Pituitary progesterone levels ovaries follicle development 4. Pituitary level of oestrogen ovaries ovulation and progesterone production 5.pituitary baby suckling mammary glands to produce lactose 6. Pituitary gland puberty and genetics skeletal and muscular systems growth in tissues . hyposecretion dwarfism , hypersecretion gigantism / acromegaly 7.thyroid gland TSH all cells that control metabolic rate . hypothyroidism adults ( myxoedema ) child ( cretinism - goitres form as iodine defiency ) hyper no harmful effects |
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Give the gland , stimulu , target organ and affect and disorder of the following hormones : adrenalin , oestrogen , progesterone , testosterone |
1.adrenal medulla life threatening situations , muscles brain heart lungs eyes skin , flight/ fight 2. Ovaries FSH , growth during puberty uterus - lining developement infertility and oestoporosis 3. Ovaries LH uterus maintanence of lining prep of uterus for pregnancy ,fertility issues 4. Testes FSH growth in puberty fertilityissues |
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Draw the negative feedback for thyroxin production |
1. Too much thyroxin - thyroid 2. Pituatary 3.reduces TSH 4.thyroid 5. Stops secreting thyroxin 6.too little thyroxin 7.pituary 8.increases TSH |
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Draw negative feedback mechanism for controlling blood glucose |
1.high blood sugar 2. Detected by pancrease beta cells 3.insulin secreted 4.liver and muscles (glucose to glycogen ) 5. Low blood sugar 6.pancreas alpha cells 7. Glucagon secreted 8.liver and muscles ( glycogen to glucose) |
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Draw the negative feedback system for oestrogen production |
1.high oestrogen 2.pituatary gland 3. Decrease in FSH 4. Ovary 5. Low oestrogen 6.pit gland 7. Increase in FSH |
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Negative feedback system for controlling water |
1.too much water(permeabilty decreases) 2.pituitary gland 3.less ADH 4.kidney nephrons(permeabilty increases ) 5. Too little water 6.pituatary gland 7.more ADH |
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Drawing of negative feedback of progesterone levels |
1. High progesterone 2.pituatary gland 3. Lowers LH 4.ovaries & uterus 5. Low progesterone levels 6.pituatary gland 7.increases LH |
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Define individual |
A single organism capable of independent existence |
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Define population |
Group of organisms of the same species living in a defined area where they may interbreed freely witg each other |
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Define community |
All the populations in a particular habitat |
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Define ecosystem |
Relatively self- contained ,interacting community of organisms and the enviroment in which they live |
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What are the factors that effect population size |
Population size fluctuates above and below the carrying capacity of the enviroment , this is seasonally and anually depending on resource availabilty Natality(birth rates) Mortality (death rate) Immigration (into an area) Emmigration ( leaving ) |
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Census method and limitation |
Direct method Count all individuals ( stationary slow moving large individuals) |
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Mark and recapture |
Capture ,count, mark and release Wait for individuals to mix with the rest of population Count the number of marked individuals in second sample Estimated population using the formula below |
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Mark and recapture precautions |
Marking musnt cause any damage Time for mixing nust be allowed Needs to be a closed population |
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Quadrat method |
Count individuals in several randomly selected quadrats Estimate popilation size |
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Quadrat method precautions |
Mark out a well defined area Many random quadrats to average and obtain results |
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What are density dependent factors on population growth |
1.resources (food,water,light ,space) - will increase until conpetition for resources occur ... Survival of the fittest 2.disease and parasitism - spreads quicker in a big population .parasite exploits hosts resources 3.predation - when prey is plentiful the number of predators increases .... Vice versa 4. Toxic waste - eg carbon dioxide |
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Density independent factors |
Natural disasters Population growth is shown by a logistic curve |
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What happens in the lag phase |
Populatipn numbers increase slowly as organisms adjust to their new enviroment(finding food and becoming sexually mature) |
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What happens in the log phase |
Population experiences a rspud increase , BR higher than DR |
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What occurs in the decelerating growth phase |
Growth rate decreases due to enviromental resistance |
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What occurs in the stationary phase |
Population size reaches carrying capacity |
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Predation definition |
Feeding relationship between 2 organisms where one is the predator and the other is the prey |
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Explain the fluctuation of populations |
Fluctuates seasonally and annually when it has reached carrying capacity because of variations in enviromental resistance |
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Effects of predator / prey relationships |
- regulate size - increase in biodiversity , prvebts single prey species becoming dominant - keeps prey populations genetically fit Predator st top of food chsin is called apex predator |
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Name and explain the types of competition |
1.interspecific competition - 2 indv of different species 2.Intraspecific competition- 2 indv of same species |
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Way reducing competition in plants |
Different plant species have created different niches by stratification... thus able to survive and fubction at the different light intensities Forest ecosystem - tall , short, young , epiphytes , herbaceous ground layer |
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Ecological niche |
Resources and conditions necessary for survivsl of each species |
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What is survival determined by |
Sucessful access to resources |
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How does resource partitioning eliminate competition for same resource |
Uses resources at different times Different parts of habitat Different parts of a plant |
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Explain one strategy for reducing competition among animals |
Kudu and girrafe in the savannah ecosystem . kudu browse the lower branches whereas the giraffe browse on the higher branches |
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What is a food web |
Interconnecting food chains |
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What is a socail organisation |
Structure of relationships within a group |
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How does social organisation improve survival and reproductive sucess of an individual |
Makes it easier to avoid attack by predators Find food collectively Divide labour ... gets done in a shorter time Find mates Protect resources Mob a predator |
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Explain herds/ flocks as an avoidance strategy |
Dilution affect - increased numberd the greater survival rate Avoidance effect- higher chance of avoiding a predator Confusion and distraction effect |
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What is ecological sucession ? |
The sequence of organisms that occupy a new habitat (primary sucession) or a disturbed habitat ( secondary succession) . Pioneers are replaced by a succession of species in a predictable pattern of gradual chabge over time |
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Define primary succession |
Stepwise establishmeny of a new habitat in regions where initially there is no soil |
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Define secondary sucession |
Stepwise establishment of a new habitat in regions where there is initially soil |
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Stages in ecologoical succession |
Pionerr species stage Intermediate species stage Climax community |
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What happenes in the pioneer species stage in ecological succession |
Plant pioneer species are favoured Are hardy and est rapidly Alter biotic and abiotic enviroment |
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What happens in the intermediate species stage |
Ecological conditions change because: Increasing amounts of fertilr soil can hold more water Tempretureless extreme .. Shade Greater variety and number of organisms can move in |
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What is the process of primary succession |
Lichens can survive without soil ... they survive off water and minerals and break down rock to form spil Mosses are next ... When they die they enrich soil further Ferns , grass come next when the soil thickens Animal pioneers move in next where rhere is food available ( insects , decomposers ie earthworms |
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What is the process of seconday succession |
Annuals - herbs and weeds As more generatipns of plants die it allows the soil to support complex herbaceous plants Continous till climax reached |
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What factors determine the endpoint |
Enviromental fluctuations ie Rainfall - forest / or grassland Overgrazing - uneaten species become dominant Climate change Invasion of aliens that replace indigenous vegetation |
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Reasons for exponential human population growth |
1. Reduction in disease - medical advancements (vaccine , antibiotics) 2.increase in food supply - agriculture is more efficient 3. Threat of predators - rare |
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Implications of human population growth on enviroment |
Less water and food, less space , more waste , overcrowding, more oppurtunities for diseases to spread |
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Oviparity |
Eggs released by mother , embryo developement outside of body |
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Ovovivipary |
Female incubates the fertilised soft shelled egg in the body |
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Viviparity |
Embryos develope in mothers body |
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Promiscuous |
No strong bonds |
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Monogamous |
Bond between a male and a female |
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Polygamous |
One individual mating with several others |
