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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a scientist who studies the human past by examining the things people left behind.
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archaeologist p.27
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a tool or other object made by humans.
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artifact p.27
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to move from one location to another.
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migrate p.27
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former land bridge connecting Asia with North America and now under waters of Bering Strait.
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Beringia (66 N 169 W), p. 27, m28
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a way of life shared by people with similar arts, beliefs, and customs.
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culture (KUL chuhr) n. (p.28)
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the practice of breeding plants or taming animals to meet human needs.
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domestication (doh MES ti KAY shuhn) (p. 28)
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a form of culture characterized by city trade centers, specialized workers, organized forms of government and religion, systems of record keeping, and advanced tools.
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civilization (siv uh li ZAY shuhn) n. (p. 29)
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the practice of bringing water to crops.
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irrigation n. (p.29)
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an early Native American who built large earthen structures.
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Mound Builder n. p.31
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Illinois Mound Builders site; village taken from British by Clark in 1778.
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Cahokia (39 N 90 W),31, m203
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the use of tools and knowledge to meet human needs.
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technology n. p.32
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a small boat made of animal skins.
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kayak (KY ak)n. p.33
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a treeless plain that remains frozen under its top layer of soil.
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tundra (TUN druh) n. p.33
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a society in which ancestry is traced through the mother.
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matrilineal (mat ruh LIN ee uhl) adj. p36
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a 16th-century alliance of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca Native American groups living in the eastern Great Lakes region.
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Iroquois (IR uh kwoh) League n. p.37
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a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which fertilize the soil.
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slash-and burn agriculture (ag rih kuhl chuhr) n. p.37
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first powerful West African trading empire in the 8th-11th centuries A.D.
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Ghana (GAH nuh) n. p.39,40,m40
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region from which most Africans were brought to the Americas.
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West Africa 39,m40
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a religion founded by the prophet Muhammad in the 600s, which teaches that there is one God, named Allah.
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Islam (is LAHM) n. p.41
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early West African trading empire succeeding Ghana empire.
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Mali 41, m40
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a West African people who lived in what is now northern Nigeria after A.D. 1000.
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Hausa (HOW suh) n. p.42
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West African people who formed several states southwest of the Niger River.
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Yoruba
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West African empire that succeeded Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591.
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Songhai
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West African kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s.
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Benin
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A period from the late 400s to about the 1300s, during which Europeans turned to feudalism and the manor system.
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European Middle Ages
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A political system in which the king allow nobles the use of his land in exchange for their military service and their protection of people living on the land.
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feudalism (FYOOD l iz uhm) n. (p.44)
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A series of wars to capture the Holy Land, launched in 1096 by European Christians.
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Crusades (kroo SAYDZ) n. (p.45)
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A system in which lords divided their lands inot estates, which were farmed mostly by serfs who received protection from the lord in return.
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manor system n. (p.45)
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A period of European hsitory, lasting from the 1300s to 1600, that brought increased interest in art and learning.
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Renaissance (rehn ih SAHNS) n. (p.46)
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A machine invented about 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg
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printing press n. (p.47)
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A 16th entury religious movement to correct problems in the Roman Catholic Church.
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Reformation n. (p.47)
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Money a business makes, after subtracting the costs of doing business from the income.
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profit n. (p.48)
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A ship with triangular sails that allowed it to sail into the wind and with square ssails that carried it forward when the win was at its back.
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caravel (KAR uh vel) n. (p.49)
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A person who plans the course of a ship while at sea.
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navigator n. (p.49)
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Nation in southwestern Europe; leader in early oceanic explorations.
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Portugal (p.49)
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Nation in southwestern Europe; early empire builder in the Americas.
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Spain (p.50)
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West Indies island (shared today by Dominican Republic and Haiti) that Columbus mistook for Asia.
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Hispaniola (p.52)
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West Indies island near the Bahamas where Columbus first landed in the Americas.
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San Salvador (p.52)
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An economic system in which nations inrease their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade.
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mercantilism (MUHR kuhn tee liz uhm) n. (p.61)
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A person sent by the Church to preach, teach, and convert native peoples to Chrstianity.
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missionary n. (p.61)
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The 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal agreeed to divide the lands of the Western Hemispere between them and moved the Line of Demarcation further west.
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Treaty of Tordesillas (tawr duh SEE uhs) n. (p.61)
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A Spaniard who traveled to the Americas as an explorer and a conqueror in the 16th century.
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conquistador (kon KWIS tuh dawr) n. (p.63)
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Former region of Mexico once under Aztec control (p.63)
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Aztec Empire
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Aztec Empire capital, now site of Mexico City.
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Tenochtitlan (.p64)
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Oldest permanent European settlement (1565) in the United States, on Florida's northeast coast.
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St. Augustine (p.68)
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A fleet of ships sent in 1588 by Philip II, the Spanish king, to invade England and restore Roman Catholicism.
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Spanish Armada (ahr MAH duh) n. (p.69)
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Narrow waterway separating Great Britain from France (p.69).
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English Channel
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First permanent French colony in North America.
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New France (p.70)m148
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Early Dutch colony that became New York in 1664.
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New Netherland (p.70)
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A province ruled by a viceroy, who ruled in the king's name.
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viceroyalty (VYS roi uhl tee) n. (p.71)
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Former North American provinc eof the Spanish Empire, made up mostly of present-day Mexico and the southwest United States.
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New Spain (p.71)
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A grant of Native American labor.
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encomienda (en koh mee YEN huh) n. (p.72)
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A large farm or estate.
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haceinda (hah see En duh) n. (p.72)
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A settlement created by the Church in order to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
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mission n. (p.72)
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Area of North Ameirca between Mexico and South America.
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Central America (m72, Atlas)
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A large farm that raises cash crops.
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plantation n. (p.73)
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The transfer of plants, animals and diseases between the Western and the Eastern hemisphere.
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Columbian (kuh LUM bee uhn) Exchange n. (p.74)
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The half of the world that includes the Americas.
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Western Hemisphere (p.75)
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The practice of holding a person in bondage for labor.
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slavery n. (p.76)
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The forced removal of Africans from their homelands to serve as slave labor in the Americas.
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African Diaspora (AF rih kuhn dy AS puhr uh n. (p.78)
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The middle leg of the triangular trae route -- the voyage from Africa to the Americas--that brought captured Africans into slavery.
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Middle Passage n. (p.78)
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The belief that some people are inferior because of their race.
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racism (RAY sihz uhm) n. (p.79)
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A law passed to regulate the treatment of slaves.
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slave code n. (p.79)
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Island off the coast of North Carolina; 1585 sit of the first English colony in the Americas.
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Roanoak Island (p.85)m87
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A business in which investors pool their wealth in order to turn a profit.
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joint-stock company n. (p.86)
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A written contract issued by a government giving the holder the right to establish a colony.
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charter n. (p.87)
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The first permanent English settlement in North America.
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Jamestown n. (p.87)
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Created in 1619, the first reprentative assembly in the American colonies.
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House of Burgesses n. (p.88)
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A person who sold his or her labor in exchange for passage to America.
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indentured servant n. (p.88)
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A revolt against powerful colonial authority in Jamestown by Nathaniel Bacon and a group of landless frontier settlers that resulted in the burning of Jamestown in 1676.
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Bacon's Rebellion n. (p.89)
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A member of the group that rejected the Church of England, sailed to America, and founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620.
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Pilgrim n. (p.92)
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An agreement established by the men who sailed to America on the Mayflower, which called for laws for the good of the colony and set forth the idea of self-government.
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Mayflower Compact n. (p.93)
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Town on Massachusetts coast and site of Pilgrim landing and colony.
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Plymouth (p.93)
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A member of a group from England that settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and sought to reform the practices of the Church of England.
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Puritan n. (p.94)
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A set of laws that were established in 1639 by a Puritan congregation who had settled in the Connecticut Valley and that expanded the idea of representative government.
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut n. (p.95)
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A war between the Puritan colonies and Native Americans in 1675-1676.
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King Philip's War n. (p.96)
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Large river in eastern New York.
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Hudson River (p.100)
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large river in eastern New York.
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Hudson River 100,m95
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a person who brought 50 settlers to New Netherland and in return received a large land grant and other special privileges.
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patroon (puh TROON) n. p.101
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a colony with a single owner.
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proprietary colony n. (pruh PRY ih tehr ee) p.101
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a person who believed all people should live in peace and harmony; accepted different religions and ethnic groups.
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Quaker (KWAY kuhr) n. p.101
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a colony ruled by governors appointed by a king.
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royal colony n. p.103
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a colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mountains through the far western part of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.
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Backcountry n. p.109
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northeast U.S. region made up of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
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New England p.109, m110
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a farm that produces enough food for the family with a small additional amount for trade.
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subsistence farm n. p.110
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the transatlantic system of trade in which goods, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America.
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triangular trade n. p.111
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numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, between Florida and South America.
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West Indies p.111,m111
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a series of laws passed by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to ensure that England made money from its colonies' trade.
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Navigation Acts n. p.112
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to illegally import or export goods.
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smuggle v. p.112
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a crop grown by a farmer to be sold for money rather than for personal use.
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cash crop n. p.115
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a mill in which grain is ground to produce flour or meal.
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gristmill (GRIST mil) n. p.115
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a skilled worker, such as a weaver or a potter, who makes goods by hand; a craftsperson.
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artisan (AHR ti zuhn)n. p.117
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a vehicle with wide wheels, a curved bed, and a canvas cover used by American pioneers traveling west.
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Conestoga (kon i STOW guh) wagon n. p. 117
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a variety of people.
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diversity (di VUR si tee) n. p.117
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a plant grown in the Southern colonies that yields a deep blue dye.
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indigo n. p.121
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a worker hired by a planter to watch over and direct the work of slaves.
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Overseer n. p.122
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a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws.
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Stono (STOH noh) Rebellion n. p.123
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a mountain range that stretches from eastern Canada south to Alabama.
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Appalachian (ap uh LAY chee uhn) Mountains n. p.126 m127
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the point at which a waterfall prevents large boats from moving farther upriver.
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fall line n. p.126
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a broad plateau that leads to the foot of a mountain range.
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piedmont n. p.126
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