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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the two layers of fascia and characteristics of each
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superficial - loose, fatty
deep - thin fibrous, no fat |
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Extrinsic:
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muscle hat has it's origins outside an organ or part
ie: muscles in forearm run hand |
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Intrinsic:
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muscle that has its' origins outside an organ or part
ie: muscles in hand run hand |
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Process:
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used for muscle attachment
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Facet
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smooth spot located on a process
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fossa
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depression
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foramen
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hole or opening
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tubercle/tuberosity
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bump from muscle attachment
can be used for muscle reconstruction |
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name of C7 vertebra
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vertebra prominens
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general causes of curvatures of vertebral column
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development and support
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why is the vertebral column curved
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to better support our weight
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name 3 abnormalities of vertebral column
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scoliosis
kyphosis lordosis |
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scoliosis
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CURVED BACK - most common it is a abnormal lateral curvature (typically in thoracic region)
Cause: development |
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kyphosis
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HUNCH BACK - exaggerated thoracic curvature
Cause: old age, osteoporosis, vertebral compression |
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lordosis
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SWAY BACK - protrusion of abdomen and buttocks
Cause: pregnancy; obesity |
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name 3 three functions of vertebra
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support body weight
restrict movement protect spinal cord |
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articular:
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when one bone meets another
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what two structures comprise the “vertebral arch?”
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lamina
pedicle |
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fcn of vertebral arch
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protects spinal cord
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how do spinal nerves travel
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intervertebral foramen
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what houses the spinal cord
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vertebral foramen
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characteristics of cervical vertebra
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bifid spinous process
support weight of head transverse foramen |
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characteristics of thoracic vertebra
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no transverse foramen (foramina)
no bifid SP costal facets - articulate w/ rib long inferiorly pointing SP heart shaped body |
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characteristics of lumbar vertebra
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massive to support weight
no transverse foramina no costal facets "extra" processes for mm attachment |
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characteristics of coccyx vertebra and how many are there
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fused
no vertebral canal tailbone 3-5 |
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fcn of transverse foramen
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protective passageway for vertebral arteries
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two special characteristics of C1- atlus
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no bifid spinus process
lacks body |
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where are costal facets located
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body and transverse processes of vertebra
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fcn of annulus fibrosus
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sticks one vertebra to another
*has fibrocartilage point |
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fcn of nucleus pulposus
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shock absorber
allows for movement |
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features of nucleus pulposus
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more elastic
not centered in disk high H20 content (dec w/ age) |
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characteristics of anterior longitudinal ligament
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strong
anterior side of centra extends form occipital none to sacrum |
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fcn of anterior longitudinal ligament
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prevent hyperextension of vertebral column
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characteristics of posterior longitudinal ligament
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narrower, weeker
posterior side of centra extends from C2 to sacrum |
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fcn of posterior poster longitudinal ligament
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prevents hyperflextion and herniation of disc
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fcn of ligamentum flavum
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connects laminae of vertebra
maintains erect position of vertebral column |
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fcn of superficial back muscles
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connect upper limb to trunk
move/stabilize pectoral girdle or move arm |
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where do most people herniate a disc
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between:
L4/L5 or L5/S1 |
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how do you get whiplash
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violent hyperextension of neck
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what three deep back muscles aid in respiration (secondarily)
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serratus posterior superior - elevates ribs
serratus posterior inferior - depresses ribs levator costurm - elevates rib |
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what two groups of muscles make up the true or intrinsic mm of back
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erector spinae
transversospinalis |
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what muscles make up the transversospinalis
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semispinalis
multifidus rotatores |
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what muscles cause movement at atlanto-occipital joint
all fcn in extension of head/neck |
rectus capitis posterior major
rectus capitis posterior minor oblique capitis superior |
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what muscles cause movement at atlantoaxial joint
all fcn in rotation of head/neck |
rectus capitis posterior major
oblique capitis inferior |
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which gluteal muscles do NOT fcn in lateral rotation of thigh
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gluteus medius
gluteus minimus tensor fasciae latae |
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what two nerves are part of the sciatic
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tibial fibular
common fibular |
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fcn of dura mater
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provide stability to spinal cord
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fcn of CSF (from subarachnoid space)
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shock absorber
diffusion medium |
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fcn of pia matter
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contains network of blood vessels that supply spinal cord
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fcn of decticulate ligaments
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connect pia to dura mater
stabilize lateral movement of spinal cord |
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what are the two types of neural tissue in brain and spinal cord
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white matter
gray matter |
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how does info move in white and gray matter
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white- up and down via columns
gray - in and out via horns |
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where is a spinal tab performed
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between L2 and sacrum in subarachnoid space to remove CSF
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damage to spinal nerve will produce
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loss of sensation
paralysis |
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example of monosynaptic reflex
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stretch reflex (knee jerk)
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example of polysynaptic reflex
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Golgi tendon reflex
withdraw reflex pain |
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spinal reflex arc
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pathway of sensory impulses from receptors to effector with first going to brain
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cytology |
study of cells |
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histology |
study of microscopic cells |
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macroscopic |
visible without microscope |
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embryology |
study of sex cells and congenital disorders |
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flexion |
bending or contracting |
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extension |
straightening of body parts |
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plantarflexion |
moving foot away from joint (tiptoes) |
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dorsiflexion |
toes brought closer to shin (walking on heel of feet) |
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abduction |
pulls structure away from midline (laterally) |
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adduction |
brings structure closer towards midline (medially) |
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retraction |
moving body part posteriorly |
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protraction |
moving body part anteriorly (punches) |
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fascia |
band of connective tissue |
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cutaneous |
of or relating to the skin |
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acromion |
bony process of the upper scapula (summit) |
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vertebra prominens |
distinctive long and prominent spinous process (can be felt on the skin) |
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iliac crest |
superior border of the ilium on the pelvic girdle. (Can be felt from the skin) |
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triangle of auscultation |
Space bounded by the lower border of the trapezius, the latissimus dorsi, and the medial margin of the scapula, where the absence of musculature allows respiratory sounds to be heard clearly with a stethoscope. |
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sacral vertebrae |
5 sacral vertebral bones. used to form the sacrum. |
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coccyx vertebrae |
5 coccyx vertebral bones. referred to as tailbone. final segment of vertebral column |
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lumbircals (hands) |
intrinsic muscles that flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints. do not attach to a bone. |
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erector spinae |
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis |
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transversospinalis |
semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii |
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suboccipital |
rectus capitis posterior major/minor, oblique capitis superior/inferior |
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gluteal |
gluteus maxiums/medius/minimus |
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cervical/lumbrosacral enlargement |
cerv: attachments of large nerves which supply upper limbs. C3-T2 lumbro: widened area of spinal cord that gives attachment to the nerves supplying lower limbs (L2-S3) |
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conus medullaris |
lower end of spinal cord. |
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cauda equina |
bundle of spinal nerves |
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filum terminale |
strand of fibrous tissue proceeding downward from conus medullaris, giving longitudinal support to spinal cord. anchors spinal cord to coccyx. |
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dermatomes |
An area of skin mainly supplied by a single spinalcord |
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grey matter |
Darker tissues ofbrain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and dendrites. Anterior horn (motor neurons) & Posterior horn (sensory neurons) |
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white matter |
Bundles ofmyelinated nerve cell processes (axons), coloration is due to presence ofmyelin |
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fascicle |
bundle of nerve fibers (axon), it would be FASCInating to see Dr. Gordon hit by a bundle of noodles |
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funiculi |
group of nerve fascicles, portions of white matter, (pie slices in white matter) |
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dorsal root |
cluster of nerve cell bodies in posterior root of spinal nerve. sensory neurons |
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ventral root |
motor root of spinal nerve |
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ascending tracts |
Carry sensory info to the brain (with three neurons), from receptor to the somatosensory cortex. Consist of: Posterior (Dorsal) Column, Spinothalamic Tracts, and Spinocerebellar Tracts. |
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Descending Tracts |
Upper motor neurons (that originate in brain) descend through tracts in spinal cord to synapse in the lateral and ventral horns of gray matter to lower motor neurons. Consist of: Pyramidal System and Extrapyramidal System. |
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Types of tissues |
Epithelial: blood vessels Connective: binds/separates structures Muscle: skeletal/smooth/cardiac Nervous: main component of two parts of nervous system (CNS / PNS) |
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Sweat/sebaceous glands |
sweat glands secrete waste, sebaceous secrete oily waxy matter to waterproof skin |
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arrector pili muscle |
small muscles attached to hair follicles, causing hair to stand up (goose bumps) |
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epidermis layers |
provides barrier to infection from environmental pathogens, regulates amt of water. stratum corneum: cornified layer, barrier functions stratum lucidum: clear/translucent layer in palms, "Thick skin" stratum granulosum: granular layer, fatty lipids stratum spinosum: spinous layer, immonolgically active stratum basale/germinativum: basal layer, cutanous nerves |
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dermis layers |
layer between epidermis and subcutaneous tissues, consisting of dense irregular connective tissue. Papillary dermis: blood capillaries Reticualr dermis: hair roots, sweat and sebaceous glands |
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Thick skin |
contains all 5 layers of the epidermis. found in areas with a lot of abrasion (fingertips, palms, soles of feet). Does not contain hairs, thinner dermis. |
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Superficial/Deep fascia |
S: lowermost layer of skin, primarily determines shape of body. Surrounds organs and glands. D: Surrounds individual muscles. |
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Diaphysis
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main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. Made of cortical bone. |
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Epiphysis |
Rounded end of a long bone at its joint with adjacent bones. |
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Metaphysis |
Wide portion of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis, containing growth plate. |
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marrow cavity |
Medullary cavity contains red bone marrow in diaphysis of bone. |
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periosteum |
membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints. |
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spongy bone |
Cancellous bone, type of bone tissue. Found at edges of long bones, less dense, giving it softer and more flexible characteristics. |
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compact bone |
Cortical bone, supports whole body, protects organs, provides levers for movement and calcium. |
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intramembranous |
ossification in which rudimentary bone tissue is created (growth in womb/healing process of broken bone) |
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Endochondral |
Cartilage is present. Growth of length of bones, healing process of bone fractures. |
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Muscle shapes |
Circular: muscles surrounding an opening Convergent: origin is wider than the point of insertion Parallel: contain fibers which run parallel to each other. Long muscles with large movement Pennate: Large number of muscle fibers, very strong but tire easily Fusiform: spindle shaped, muscle belly wider than origin and insertion |
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Layers of blood vessels |
Tunica externa: outermost layer, surrounds tunica media. Collagen and elastic lamina that anchors blood vessels to nearby organs, gives stability Tunica media: middle coat, smooth muscle cells with elastic fibers Tunica intima: innermost layer, consists of smooth endothelium covered by elastic tissues. Blood flow |
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Types of arteries |
Elastic: stretches in response to each pulse Muscular: distributes and draws blood from elastic arteries into smaller vessels Arterioles: smallest blood vessel leading to capillaries |
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serratus anterior |
protracts and stabilizes scapula. long thoracic nerve. Origin: upper 8-9 ribs. Insertion: medial margin of scapula |
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Subscapularis |
Medially rotates humerus & stabilizes shoulder. Upper & lower subscapular nerve. Origin: subscapular fossa. Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus |
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Multifidus |
Extends vert column/rotates towards opposite side. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar spinal nerves. O: sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, Iliac crest. I: spinous process |
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Rotatores |
Extends vert column/rotates towards opposite side. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar spinal nerves. O: Transverse process. I: junction of transverse process and lamina, spinous process |
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Rectus capitis posterior major |
extends head/neck. Suboccipital nerve. O: spinous process of axis (C2). I: Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone |
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Oblique capitis superior major |
turns head to same side. Suboccipital nerve. O: lateral mass of atlas. I: lateral half of inferior nuchal line |
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Gluteus maximus |
Extends thigh, laterally rotates. Inferior gluteal nerve. O: gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament |
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Iliocostalis |
Extends vertabral column, flex vert column to same side. Cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves. O: sacrum, iliac creat, spinous processes of lower lumbar/thoracic vert. |
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Gluteus medius |
Abducts thigh, medially rotates. Superior glutal nerve. O: gluteal surface of ilium. I: greater trochanter of femur |
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Semispinalis |
Extends neck/head. Cervical & thoracic spinal nerves. O: transverse processes (c7-T6). I: occipital bone |
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trapezius |
rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula. Accessory nerve. O: spinous process of c7-T12, Occipital bone. I: nuchal ligament, medial superior nuchal line, lateral third of clavicle, spine of scapula |
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latissimus dorsi |
adducts, extends and medially rotates arm. Thoracodoral nerve. O: spinous process of T7-T12, illiac crest, ribs 3-4, inferior scapula |
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Splenius capitis |
Extend, rotate and laterally flex head. Cervical spinal nerves. O: nuchal ligament and spinous process C7-T3. I: Mastoid process of temporal and occipital bone |
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Longissimus |
Flex head and neck to same side, extend vert column, maintain posture. Cervical, thoracic, capitis spinal nerves. O: transerve process. I: transverse process. |
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Spinalis |
Flex head and neck to same side, extend vert column, maintain posture. Thoracic, cervical spinal nerves. O: spinous process of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vert. Nuchal ligament, spinous process C7. I: spinous process of upper thoracic vert, spinous process of cervical vert. |
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Serratus posterior inferior |
Depress ribs during forced exhalation. Thoracic spinal nerves. O: Spinous process T11-L2. I: ribs 9-12 |
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Supraspinatus |
Abduction of arm and stabilize humerus. Subscapular nerve. O: supraspinous fossa of scapula. I: superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus |
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Teres minor |
Laterally rotates arm, stabilites humerus. Axillary nerve. O: lateral border of scapula. I: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus. |
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Rhomboid major |
Retracts scapula and rotates. Dorsal scapular nerve. O: spinous process T2-T5. I: medial border of scapula |
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