Other Sensory

Front 1

Sound Waves

Back 1

Periodic compressions of air, water, or other media.

Front 2

Amplitude

Back 2

Intensity of sound. Height of each waves.

Front 3

Frequency

Back 3

The number of compressions per second, measured in hertz. Number of waves per second.

Front 4

Pitch

Back 4

Related to aspect of perception.

Front 5

Timbre

Back 5

Tone quality or tone complexity

Front 6

Prosody

Back 6

Conveying emotional information by tone of voice.

Front 7

Pinna

Back 7

The familiar structure of flesh and cartilage attached to each side of the head. Helps us locate the source of a sound.

Front 8

Tympanic Membrane

Back 8

Connects to three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that transmit the vibrations to the oval window.

Front 9

Cochlea

Back 9

The nail shaped structure of the ear.

Front 10

Auditory Receptors (Hair cells)

Back 10

Lie between the basilar membrane of the cochlea on one side and the tectorial membrane on the other.

Front 11

Place Theory

Back 11

The basilar membrane resembles the string of a piano. Each frequency activates the hair cells at only one place along the basilar membrane.

Front 12

Frequency Theory

Back 12

The entire basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency.

Front 13

Volley Principle

Back 13

The auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulse for sounds up to about 4000 per second.

Front 14

Primary Auditory Cortex

Back 14

Not necessary for hearing, but for processing the information.

Front 15

Tonotopic Map

Back 15

Preferred sounds of cells.

Front 16

Sound Localization

Back 16

Determining the direction and distance of a sound that requires comparing the responses of the two ears.

Front 17

Time of Arrival

Back 17

Useful for localizing sounds with a sudden onset.

Front 18

Sound Shadow

Back 18

With a wavelength shorter than the width of the head, the head makes the sound louder for the closer ear.

Front 19

Phase Difference

Back 19

Every sound wave has phases with peaks 360 degrees apart.

Front 20

Amusia or Tone Deafness

Back 20

Although not really unable to detect differences in tones, they generally do not detect a change less than about the difference between C and C sharp.

Front 21

Absolute pitch or Perfect Pitch

Back 21

Ability to hear a note and identify it.

Front 22

Conductive deafnessor Middle-ear deafness

Back 22

Diseases, infections, or tumorous bone growth can prevent the middle ear from transmitting sound waves properly to the cochlea.

Front 23

Nerve deafness or Inner-ear deafness

Back 23

Results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve. If it is confined to one part of the cochlea, it impairs hearing of certain frequencies and not others.

Front 24

Tinnitus

Back 24

Frequent or constant ringing in the ears.

Front 25

Vestibular Organ

Back 25

Detect the direction of tilt and the amount of acceleration of the head. You use that information automatically for guiding eye movements and maintaining balance.

Front 26

Otoliths

Back 26

Calcium carbonate particles that push against different sets of hair cells and excite them when the head tilts in different directions .

Front 27

Semicircular canals

Back 27

Oriented in perpendicular planes, are filled with a fluid and lined with hair cells. Acceleration of the head at any angle causes the fluid in one of these canals to move.

Front 28

Pacinian corpuscle

Back 28

Detects vibrations or sudden displacements on the skin. The onion-like outer structure provides mechanical support that resists gradual or constant pressure.

Front 29

Capsaicin

Back 29

A chemical found in hot peppers such as jalapeños, stimulates the receptors for painful heat

Front 30

Dermatome

Back 30

Each spinal nerve innervates a limited area of body,

Front 31

Opioid mechanisms

Back 31

The system that respond to opiate drugs and similar chemicals. Puts brakes on prolonged pain.

Front 32

Endorphins

Back 32

The transmitters that attach to the same receptors as morphine.

Front 33

Gate Theory

Back 33

Explain why some people withstand pain better than others. Spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive input from touch receptors and from axons descending from the brain.

Front 34

Cannabinoids

Back 34

Chemicals derived from or similar to marijuana—block certain kinds of pain.

Front 35

Placebo

Back 35

A drug or other procedure with no pharmacological effects.

Front 36

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Back 36

It responds to the emotional aspect of the sensation.

Front 37

Taste

Back 37

Results from stimulation of the taste buds.

Front 38

Taste Buds

Back 38

The receptors on the tongue.

Front 39

Taste Receptors

Back 39

Have excitable membranes and release neurotransmitters to excite neighboring neurons, which in turn transmit information to the brain.

Front 40

Papillae

Back 40

Mammalian taste receptors are in taste buds located on the surface of the tongue.

Front 41

Adaptation

Back 41

Reflects the fatigue of receptors sensitive to sour tastes.

Front 42

Cross-adaptation

Back 42

Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another.

Front 43

Thrifty

Back 43

After something evolves for one purpose, it can be modified for other purposes.

Front 44

Umami

Back 44

Glutamate receptor that resembles the receptors for glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

Front 45

Oleogustus

Back 45

The taste of fats

Front 46

Saltiness Receptor

Back 46

Which detects the presence of sodium, simply permits sodium ions on the tongue to cross its membrane.

Front 47

Taste Phantoms

Back 47

You might experience taste even when nothing was on your tongue.

Front 48

Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius (NTS)

Back 48

The taste nerves project to the structure in the medulla.

Front 49

Insula

Back 49

A in each hemisphere of the cortex receives input from both sides of the tongue.

Front 50

Fungiform Papillae

Back 50

Some people have three times as many taste buds as other people do on thenear the tip of the tongue.

Front 51

Supertasters

Back 51

People with more taste buds.

Front 52

Nontasters

Back 52

Most people taste low concentrations as bitter, but people with the fewest taste budstaste it only at high concentrations.

Front 53

Olfaction

Back 53

The sense of smell, is the response to chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose.

Front 54

Olfactory cells

Back 54

The neurons responsible for smell that line the olfactory epithelium in the rear of the nasal air passages.

Front 55

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

Back 55

A set of receptors located near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors.

Front 56

Pheromones

Back 56

Chemicals released by an animal that affect the behavior of other members of the same species.

Front 57

Synesthesia

Back 57

The experience some people have in which stimulation of one sense evokes a perception of that sense and another one also.