Osteology

Front 1

Difference between cranial and post cranial?

Back 1

Cranial bones are the only bones in which teeth or tooth sockets occur.
Cranial bones are thin, flat or irregular in shape.
Have serrated edges (sutures).

Front 2

What is a long bone?

Back 2

- Has tubular shaft
- Articulated at each end
- Paired
- Total of 6.

Front 3

Name as many long bones as possible.

Back 3

Arm: Humerus, Radius & Ulna
Leg: Femur, Tibia & Fibula

Front 4

What is a short bone?

Back 4

- Resemble long bones (tubular and articulated at both ends).

Front 5

Examples of short bones?

Back 5

Hand: 5 Metacarpals, 14 Phalanges
Foot: 5 Metacarpals, 14 Phalanges
2 Clavicles

Front 6

Only short bone that doesn't articulate at both ends?

Back 6

Terminal Phalanx (end of finger)

Front 7

What is a flat bone?

Back 7

- Large surfaces for muscle attachments
- Can be cranial
- Usually thin
- Irregularly places articular surfaces

Front 8

Examples of flat bones?

Back 8

2 Innominates
2 Scapulae
24 Ribs
1 Sternum

Front 9

What is an irregular bone?

Back 9

- Shaped for function
- Usually thick and short in length

Front 10

Examples of irregular bones?

Back 10

33 Bones of Vertebral column
8 Carpal Bones
7 Tarsal Bones
2 Patellae

Front 11

Anterior

Back 11

Toward the front of the body. Opposite of Posterior

Front 12

Posterior

Back 12

Toward the back of the body. Opposite of Anterior.

Front 13

Superior

Back 13

Towards the head of the body. Opposite of Inferior.

Front 14

Inferior

Back 14

Towards the foot of the body/away from the head of the body. Opposite of Superior.

Front 15

Medial

Back 15

Towards the midline of the body. Opposite of Lateral.

Front 16

Lateral

Back 16

Away from the midline of the body. Opposite of Medial.

Front 17

Proximal

Back 17

Nearest to the skeleton (used normally for limb bones). Opposite of Distal.

Front 18

Distal

Back 18

Furtherest from the skeleton (used normally for limb bones). Opposite of Proximal.

Front 19

Articulation

Back 19

Area where two bones are in contact via cartilage or fibrous tissue at a joint.

Front 20

Eminence

Back 20

Bony projection.

Front 21

Crest

Back 21

Prominent, usually sharp and thin ridge of bone; often formed between sites of muscle mass.

Front 22

Condyle

Back 22

Rounded articular process.

Front 23

Epiphysis

Back 23

End or portion of a long bone which is expanded for articulation.

Front 24

Head

Back 24

Large, rounded and usually articular end of a bone.

Front 25

Trochanters

Back 25

Two large, prominent, blunt, rugose (roughened) processes found on the femur. Larger is called the Greater Trochanter, smaller is called the Lesser Trochanter.

Front 26

Foramen

Back 26

Opening through a bone, usually a passage for blood vessels and nerves.

Front 27

Meatus

Back 27

Short chanal

Front 28

Suture

Back 28

Line where bones of the skull articulate.

Front 29

Alveolus

Back 29

Tooth Socket.

Front 30

List some cranial differences between Humans and Animals.

Back 30

Human:
- Large bulbous vault, small face.
- Vault relatively smooth
- Inferior Foramen Magnum
- Chin present
- Minimal nasal and midface projection
- U shaped manible.

Animal:
- Small bulbous vault, large face.
- Vault with pronounced muscle markings, saggital crest.
- Posterior Foramen Magnum
- Chin absent
- Orbits at sides, posterior to nasal aperture.
- Significant nasal/midface projection
- V shaped manible.

Front 31

List some POST-cranial differences between Humans and Animals.

Back 31

Humans:
- Upper limbs less robust
- Radius and ulna separate bones
- Femur longest bone in the body
- Separate tibia and fibula

Animals:
- Robust upper limbs
- Radius and ulna often fused.
- Femur similar length to other limb bones with double linea aspera (linea aspera plateau)
- Tibia and fibula often fused.

Front 32

Morphological criteria to sex a skull?

Back 32

Nuchal crest. - Male morer robust/sharp.
Mastoid process. - Male larger.
Supraorbital margin. - Female sharper.
Supraorbital ridge/glabella. - Male morer robust.
Mental eminence (chin). - Male more robust.

Front 33

How can you tell the difference between masculine and feminine mandible?

Back 33

Female more narrow - "V"
Masculine rounder - "U"

Front 34

What are the five points of reference for sexing a skull?

Back 34

Nuchal Crest (bump on the back of head)
Mastoid Process (big bump on side of head)
Supraorbital margin (side of eye)
Glabella (forehead)
Mental Eminence (chin)

Front 35

What are the five scales of sexing..

Back 35

1 - female
2 - probably female
3 - indeterminate
4 - probably male
5 - male

Front 36

Number of fusion centres on clavicle and where?

Back 36

Two. One at each end.

Front 37

Number of fusion centres on scapula?

Back 37

Seven.

Front 38

Number of fusion centres on humerus and where?

Back 38

Three. One at the proximal end, two at the distal end.

Front 39

Number of fusion centres on radius and where?

Back 39

Two. One at each end.

Front 40

Number of fusion centres on ulna and where?

Back 40

Two. One at each end.

Front 41

Number of fusion centres on femur and where?

Back 41

Four. Three at proximal end (each trochanter and head), one at the distal end.

Front 42

Number of fusion centres on tibia and where?

Back 42

Two. One at each end.

Front 43

Number of fusion centres on fibula and where?

Back 43

Two. One at each end.

Front 44

Number of fusion centres on os coxae and where?

Back 44

Three primary centres.