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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bone cell
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osteocyte
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build up bone
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osteoblast
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break down calcium and phosphorous
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osteoclast
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endocrine gland that stabilizes calcium in body
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parathyroid
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make up of bone matrix
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calcium salts and collagen
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key to strong bones and teeth
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exercise, vitamin D, hormones, heredity
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bone is always in constant state of ____ & _____.
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formation and reabsorption
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what do muscles interact with to contract and extend?
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nerves, minerals, and other connective tissue
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Contains nutrients and arteries; influenced ability of bone to heal.
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Periosteum
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Describe 3 traits of muscles
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Short & long, vary in diameter, actions depend on location of specific bone.
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Holds bones together (bone to bone), provides stability to a joint
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Ligaments
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Hold muscle to bone, tough long stands of fibers that form ends of muscles; they transmit forces to bone or cartilage without being damaged.
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Tendons
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Layers of elastic, resiliant tissue found at ends of bone; forms cap over bone to protect during weight bearing activities and provides smooth gliding surfaces.
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Cartilage
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Cartilage contains no nurves, lymph, or blood supply, but is very high in ___________
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Water
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Lack of blood supply and water in cartilage causes ???
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DJD = Degenerative Joint Disease
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Describe DJD
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Causes rubbing of bone on bone
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Overproduction of synovial fluid behind the knee
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Baker's Cyst
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Articulations where bones are joined together; classified by degree of movement and material between them.
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Joints
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Immovable joints connected by fibrous material (ex. skull).
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Synarthrotic Joints
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Slightly moveable joint joined by cartilage (ex. Symphysis pubis)
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Amphiarthrotic Joints
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Freely moveable joints containing synovial fluid (ex. knee)
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Diarthrotic Joints
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Material makeup of synarthrotic joints
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Fibrous
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Material makeup of amphiarthrotic joints
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Cartilagenous
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Material makeup of diarthrotic joints
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Synovial
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List types of joints (7)
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Ball & socket (hip), Hinge (elbow), saddle (thumb), pivot, gliding, elipsoid, condyloid.
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Name the two types of bones
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Cancellous & cortical
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Soft spongy bone located in illiac crest, tibia, sternum, and ends of long bone; contains red marrow
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Cancellous bone
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Hard, forms outer shell; main supporting structure for tissue and bone
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Cortical
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List the shapes of bone (6)
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Long, short, flat, sesamoid, round, and irregular
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List example of sesamoid bone
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Carpals & tarsals
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List examples of round bone
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Patella, metatarsals, and ball of foot
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List examles of irregualar bone
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Skull & vertebral collumn
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List examples of flat bone
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Scapula, sternum, and pelvic girdle
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List attributes of trabeculae
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Located in cancellous bone, important for bearing weight, provides strenth to prevent stress
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Found in cortical bone, thousands of microscopic units, units are matrix cells, canals, and conduits that allow flow and facilitate calcium absorption
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Haversian system
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ROM
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Range of Motion
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ROM is an example of what ???
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Articular movement
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Diagnostic procedures in orthropedics
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Ex-rays, CTs, MRIs, Arthroscopy, and scope
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Talipes equinovarus
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Club foot
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Coccavera
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Dislocated hip in infants
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Tearing of tendon or ligament at point of insertion
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Avulsion
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List malignancies of bone
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Osteoma, Osteochondroma, Osteosarcoma
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Ligaments and tendons constrict and cannot move
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Contractures
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Example of contracture
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Trigger finger
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Breaks down and gets smaller
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Atrophies
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Overstretched muscle
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Strain
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Tendon or ligament pulled from insertion sight
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Sprain
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3 Most common complications in orthropedic surgery
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Immobilization, Osteomyelitis, Constant chronic pain
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Types of bone / tissue graft
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Autologous, tibia, illiac crest, cadaver bone
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Instruments used for fixation
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Screws, pins, plates, nails, prosthetics
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How many cranial bones
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8
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Number of facial bones
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13
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Number of bones in vertebral collumn
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26
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How many cervical bones
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7
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How many thoracic
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12
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How many lumbar
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5
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How many pair of ribs
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12
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Smooth layer of cartilage covering bone ends and providing smooth gliding surface where they meet
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Articular hyaline cartilage
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Pockets of fatty tissue that buffer the joint
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Fat pads
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Lining of joint capsule. Lubricates joint by secreting synovial fluid, which acts as a shock absorber
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Synovial membrane & fluid
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Point of contact or connection between bones
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Articulation
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List pathology that leads to orthropedic surgery
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Congenital, aquired disease, strain, damaged or dislocated joints, fracture, fragmentation
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Generally a benign tumor that normally appears in the spur of the long bone
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Osteochondroma
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Benign tumor of bone
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Osteoma
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Tumor composed of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue
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Fibroma
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Malignant tumor of the bone
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Osteosarcoma
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Cancer in the bone marrow plasma cells
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Myeloma
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Tumors in the hyaline cartilage, most often malignant
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Chondrosarcoma
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Connects degenerative contracture and atrophy of a muscle resulting from long continued interference with normal circulation
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Volkmann's contracture
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Break in the bone; loss of continuity of bone
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Fracture
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Torn support structures such as ligaments and tendons or misalignment of the bone at the joint
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Damaged or dislocated joints
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Fracture where bone fragments do not protrude through adjacent tissue to puncture skin, though the bone may or may not be displaced
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Closed / simple fracture
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Bone fragments protrude through adjacent tissues and skin, creating a grave danger of infection, not only to tissue, but to the bone itself
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Open / compound fracture
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Fracture continues all the way through bone, versus one that extends through part of the bone
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Complete or incomplete fracture
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Bone is broken in several different places
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Multiple fracture
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Crushing or shattering of bone that dispurses bone throughout injured area
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Fragmentation
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Type of fracture viewed as medical emergency due to increased risk of infection
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Open fracture
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Bone is crushed
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Compression
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Bone splinters or breaks into more that two pieces, resulting in multiple intersecting breaks and bone fragments
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Comminuted
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Bone is forced inward; generally on ingress to skull
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Depressed
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Bone partially bent or broken; commonly found in children whose bones have not completely calcified
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Greenstick
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Portion of bone tramatically driven into another bone fragment or adjacent bone and relatively fixed in that position
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Impacted
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Fracture line runs along length of bone
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Longitudinal (linear)
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Fracture line lies at an angle to the long axis of the bone
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Oblique
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Fracture line forms a spiral pattern around the bone
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Spiral
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Fracture line lies perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
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Transverse
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List stages of osteogenesis
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Hemorrhage, granulation, bony callus formation, consolidation and remodeling
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Bone growth can be stimulated by ???
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Minute electrical impulses
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Occurs when fracture is healing but not completely united as expected within usual timeframe
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Delayed union of bone
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Occurs with fracture healing, but bone is not in proper alignment
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Mal-union of bone
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Fracture shows no evidence of healing. Usually requires more drastic procedures including bone graft with fusion
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Non-union of bone
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CREF
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Closed Reduction Via External Fixation
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CRIF
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Closed Reduction Via Internal Fixation
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List two examples of CR procedures
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CREF & CRIF
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OREF
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Open Reduction with External Fixation
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ORIF
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Open Reduciton with Internal Fixation
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Stabilization device that incorporates trunk of body with shoulder and upper extremity
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Shoulder spica
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Stabilization device that covers trunk area from lower portion of head to hips for fractures to cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
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Minerva jacket
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Stabilization device that incorporates trunk of body with both hips and extending down one or both legs
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Hip spica
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Stabilization device from groin to ankle to immobilize knee and patella
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Cylinder cast
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Non-encasing devices that can be wrapped in plaster or with bandages to immobilize fractures
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Splints
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Form of skin traction with weights pulling on the extremity firmly secured with adhesive
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Buck's traction
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Invovles insertion of a metal pin through the bone with pulleys and weights attached
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Skeletal traction
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List types of bone grafts
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Autogenous graft, cortical graft, cancellous graft, homogenous graft
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ESR
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
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SAP
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Syrum Alkaline Phosphatase
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What is SAP
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Lab study checking for increased levels of SAP which indicate multiple kinds of bone disease
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Aspiration of synovial fluid to check for anomalies
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Arthrocentesis
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Injection of gas or dye (bitch) for inspection of cartilage or ligaments surrounding the joint
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Arthrography
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Visual inspection of joints
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Arthroscopy
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Used to measure bone density
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Bone Densitometers
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Infection that causes destruction of bone tissue
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Osteomye-light us (you dont even smoke us)
Osteomyelitis |
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Amputation of extremity at the joint
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Disarticulation
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Suture most often used in bone-to-bone closures
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Surgical Steel
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Suture used in attaching tendon to bone
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Ethibond, Prolene, & Nurolon
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Suture used with periosteum
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Vicryl
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List hemostatic agents in orthropedics
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Avitene, Bone wax, Gelfoam, Thrombin
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Applied directly to bone surface
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Avitene
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Sterile Beeswax applied directly to cut bone surface. Assists hemostasis in bone; open only upon request
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Bone wax
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Moistened in saline, Thrombin or epinephrine in pad form, then applied over areas of capillary bleeding
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Gelfoam
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Applied as spray or liquid solution for topical application
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Thrombin
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Cauterization method that is non-heat driven. This causes a low temperature molecular disintegration, resulting in volumetric tissue removal with minimal tissue necrosis of surrounding tissues
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Coblation
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T/F: Always faced fluoroscope to ensure best protection
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True
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