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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the liver?
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A multi-lobed organ, that performs chemical reactions and produces bile
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Purpose of bile
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to emulsify fats
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define emulsify
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to break a glob of fat into smaller droplets
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prefix meaning relating to liver
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hepa-
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liver inflammation
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hepatitis
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Vessel carrying absorbed nutrients from small intestine to liver for processing
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hepatic portal vein
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tube that exits liver carrying bile
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hepatic duct
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last substances to leave stomach
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lipids
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purpose of gall bladdar
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to store bile
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where can one find the gall bladdar
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under the first lobe of liver
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vessel leading to the gall bladder
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cystic duct
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passageway formed when cystic duct and hepatic duct combine
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common bile duct
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color of bile
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green
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How are gall stones formed?
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a pH change in the bile leads to it being crystallized out
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where common bile duct empties
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duodenum of small intestine
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sphincter of common bile duct
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sphincter of oddi
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sphincter responsible for filling of gall bladder with bile
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sphincter of oddi
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purpose of pancreas
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to produce critical digestive enzymes
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produces insulin
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Isles of Langerhans
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What happens when lipids enter the duodenum?
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It sends a message to the sphincter of oddi to open and for the gall bladder to contract to release bile to emulsify the lipids
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pH of duodenum
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8 to 10
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pH of stomach
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1 to 2
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organ at caudal end of esophagus
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stomach
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what macromolecule begins chemical digestion in the stomach
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protein
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Purpose of stomach
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to mechanically break down food, to chemically break down protein, and to kill bacteria
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ridges on inside of stomach
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gastric rugae
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soupy mixture that leaves stomach
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chyme
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maximum volume of average stomach
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1 liter
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sphincter at end of stomach
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pyloric valve
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Fetal caca
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Meconium
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color of meconium
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green/black
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Name 3 parts of small intestine (in order!)
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1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
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length of duodenum in humans
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10 inches
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length of jejunum in humans
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8 feet
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length of ileum in humans
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12 feet
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Where MOST chemical digestion begins
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duodenum
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what mixes in duodenum? and from where does each come?
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Chyme (from stomach), Bile (from liver & gall bladder), Digestive enzymes (from pancreas)
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part of small intestine line with villi
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jejunum
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where most of food's nutrition is absorbed
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jejunum
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name of sphincter at end of ileum
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ileocecal valve
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name of sphincter at beginning of caecum
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ileocecal valve
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name the 2 striated skeletal sphincters of digestive system
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orbicularis oris and anus
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purpose of large intestine (colon)
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to reclaim water from chyme
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first part of large intestine
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caecum
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thing hanging off caecum
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vermiform appendix
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translate from latin: vermis
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worm
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purpose of vermiform appendix
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NONE!
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What causes appendicitis? How is it so deadly?
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The vermiform appendix becomes infected and closes off from the caecum. It can then rupture, so its contained bacteria goes into the peritoneum which is deadly.
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purpose of caecum in herbivores
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site of intense bacterial digestion of cellulose (a major component of an herbivores diet)
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Name ALL parts of large Intestine in the human (in Order!)
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1. Caecum
2. Ascending Colon 3. Transverse Colon 4. Descending Colon 5. Sigmoid Colon 6. Rectum |
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where mass-peristalsis starts
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transverse colon
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What is mass peristalsis?
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to rush food that is slowly making it though digestive system, out faster
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nerves that sense pressure
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baro-receptors
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What shape of the sigmoid colon?
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S-shaped
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Why is rectum named so?
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Rectus means straight. The Rectum is the straight part of colon.
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Final sphincter of digestive system
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anus
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passageway through pancreas (2 names)
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pancreatic duct - duct of Wirsung
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hole in wall of duodenum where the bile and digestive enzymes are released
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ampulla of vater
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purpose of spleen
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to control lymphatic system and store back-up blood
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amount of blood the spleen stores
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1 cup (8 fl. oz.)
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replaces the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon in pigs
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spiral colon
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purpose of lymphatic system
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to collect blood plasma leaked from capillaries, and to screen this fluid for foreign glycoproteins
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Name some body zones with large lymph nodes
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neck, armpit, shoulders, groin
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where does the lymphatic system return the reclaimed flids
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the vena cava
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location of kidneys (1 adjective)
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retroperitineal
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purpose of kidneys
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to filter the waste products out of blood, producing urine
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structures directly cranial to kidneys
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adrenal galnds
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medial inward portion of kidney, that serves an entrance/exit
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renal hilus
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ventral blood vessel to kidney
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renal vein
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dorsal blood vessel to kidney
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renal artery
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passageway from kidneys to urinary bladder
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ureters
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pouch the holds urine
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urinary bladder
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average female urinary bladder maximum volume
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500 - 600 mL
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average male urinary bladder maximum volume
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1000 mL
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average human urinary bladder maximum volume
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700 - 800 mL
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tube from urinary bladder to outside of body
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urethra
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Describe the 2 sphincters of the urethra:
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1 involuntary (smooth) - internal
1 voluntary (straited skeletal) - external |
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What, inside of the urinary bladder, allows it to distend?
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rugae (ridges)
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What surrounds the kidneys? What is its purpose?
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An adipose capsule surrounds the kidneys to insulate it and protect it.
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What activates the pepsin enzyme in the stomach? What does this enzyme do?
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HCl activates pepsin which chemically breaks down protein into smaller peptides.
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purpose of heart
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to pump blood to lungs and throughout body
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upper heart chambers
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atria
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lower heart chambers
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ventricles
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heart chambers blood enters
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atria (right/left)
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heart chambers blood exits
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ventricles (right/left)
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Path of Blood (from capillaries to capillaries)
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capillaries -> venule -> vein -> vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries
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heart sac
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pericardium (aka pericardial sac)
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purpose of pericardium
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to secrete fluids to reduce friction and take heart away
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Major vein from head
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superior vena cava
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major vein from abdomen
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inferior vena cava
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primary artery to lower body
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descending aorta
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blood vessel that has the thickest walls and under the greatest pressure
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aorta
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where heart attacks occur (and where heart bypasses occur)
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coronary arteries and veins
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purpose of coronary arteries and veins
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to service the cells of the heart muscle itself - providing food and O2, and removing CO2 and waste
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what side of heart do the coronary blood vessels run?
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ventral side of heart (in humans)
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inner eyelid of pig
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Nictitating membrane
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what corner of the eye is the nictitating membrane
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medial corner
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purpose of nictitating membrane
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to protect eyes from dirt and debris
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gland on ventral surface of heart (also scattered throughout neck)
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thymus
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Point in lifetime in which thymus reaches max size
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puberty
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purpose of thymus
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to teach White Blood Cells (T lymphocytes) the difference between one's cells and intruders
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position of thyroid gland (humans v. pigs)
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Humans: Lateral sides of larynx
Pigs: cranial end of trachea |
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purpose of thyroid gland
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to produce thyroxine to regulates one's metabolic rate
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Explain HYPOthyroidism
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Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroxine. It may be caused by Iodine deficiency. Patients appear sluggish, tired, irritable, and have gained weight. As a result, the body tells the thyroid gland to enlarge, forming a goiter. Radioactive I-131 can be used to destroy the goiter.
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Explain HYPERthyroidism
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Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine. Symptoms include over activity, weight loss, increased appetite, and loss of sleep. Treatment include drugs that slow the production of thyroxine.
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Space between gum and cheeks
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Vestibule
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purpose of tongue
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to aid mechanical digestion, form food into a bolus, and push it down the esopahgus
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tongue muscles attached to hyoid bone
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extrinsic tongue muscles
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tongue muscles that change its shape
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intrinsic tongue muscles
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Muscular type of esphagus
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Smooth - except top 2 inches are straited skeletal
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flap under tongue attaching it to floor of mouth
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Lingual Frenulum
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Condition due to a short lingual frenulum
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Tongue-Tied
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flap that attaches upper lips to the upper jaw
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labial frenulum
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define: pharynx
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space
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space in back of nose
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nasopharynx
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space in back of mouth
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oropharynx
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space in throat
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laryngopharynx
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define: rugae
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ridges
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ridges of hard palate
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palatal rugae
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purpose of palatal rugae
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to aid in mechanical digestion for animals without extensive jaw rotation - tongue crushes and smears food against it to break it down
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Curly bones in nose lined with mucous covered epithelial tissue
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turbinates
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purpose of turbinates
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to warm, moisten, and filter air entering the nose
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purpose of soft palate
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to close off nasal cavity when swallowing to prevent food and drink from entering it
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Where is the soft palate?
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Posterior to the hard palate
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Purpose of epiglottis
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to cover the larynx when swallowing to prevent food and drink from entering the trachea and lungs
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define: bolus
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hunk of food ready to swallow
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define: mastication
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Chewing
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voice box
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larynx
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Where is larynx?
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It is the enlarge cranial end of the trachea.
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Body's Mechanism to prevent food and drink from entering trachea and larynx when swallowing
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bring epiglottis down and bring larynx up
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Tube that leads to lungs
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Trachea
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Shape/Position of cartilage rings that surround trachea
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C-Shaped Rings (C to the front, so it's open in the back for esophagus)
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Path of air through respiratory system (from outermost to innermost)
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Mouth (Nose) -> Oropharynx (Nasopharynx) -> laryngopharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
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purpose of lungs
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to exchange gaseous O2 with dissolved CO2 in blood
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Terminal air sacs of lungs
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alveoli
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2 layer thick fluid-filled sac that surrounds lungs
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pleura
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lung sac that is attached to lungs
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visceral pleura
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lung sac that is attached to the chest wall
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parietal pleura
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purpose of pleura
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When the chest expands, it pulls against the parietal pleura, which pulls along visceral pleura, which pulls on the lungs causing then to expand, and draw air in
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type of tissue pleura and peritonieum are
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epithelial
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purpose of esophagus
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to deliver food from mouth to stomach
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where is the esophagus found
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dorsal to the trachea and through the diaphragm
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sphincter at bottom of esophagus
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lower esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter)
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sphincter at top of the stomach
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lower esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter)
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wave-like muscular contraction that propels food through GI tract
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peristalsis
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explain heart burn
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when gastric juices pass through lower esophageal sphincter into esophagus causing a burning sensataion
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GERD is an acronym for:
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
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treatment for GERD
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take a prescription drug (such as Nexium) to stop production of HCl in the stomach
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Purpose of HCl in Stomach
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To kill bacteria in stomach and to activate pepsin
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Name some undesired side effects of drugs like Nexium that stop the production of HCl
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- Increase in Number of Cells that produce HCl,
- More food poisoning because no HCl to kill bacteria - Dependancy |
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Complications associated with GERD
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- Stomach Cancer
- Aspirating due to Stomach contents coming up esophagus and entering trachea - Death (due to above) |
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One cell thick layer that covers abdomen
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peritoneum
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purpose of peritoneum
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to hold organs in place and to secrete fluid to keep insides moist
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fluid excreted by peritoneum
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interstitial fluid
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Where allantoic duct leads to outside umbilical cord in womb
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to mother's liver
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Blood vessel in which only one is present in umbilical cord
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umbilical vein
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Blood vessel in which two are present in umbilical cord
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umbilical arteries
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Where umbilical veins lead to
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leads to liver
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what umbilical vein turns into after birth and its purpose
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turns into Falciform ligament to hold liver down and hold liver's lobes in place
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what umbilical arteries turn into after birth and their purpose
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Turn into Suspensory ligaments to suspend urinary bladder
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Large flat muscle that separates thorax from abdomen
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diaphragm
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Primary Breathing Muscle
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diaphragm
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What are hiccups?
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spasms of diaphragm
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3 tubes that pass through diapragm
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- descending aorta
- inferior vena cava - esophagus |
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Movement of Diaphragm when it contracts
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flattens
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How diaphragm aids breathing
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it flattens, increasing the volume of the chest cavity, so the lung's air pressure decreases so air is drawn in
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