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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the definition of organized crime?
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Difficult to have just one, no absolute consensus
1. Criminal Behavior 2. Types of Crime 3. Goals of Crime |
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What is the generally accepted definition of organized crime?
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Value-added model
recognizes the phenomenon that organized crime has a variety of characteristics; 9 basic characteristics and the more you have, the more likely the instance is organized crime |
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What are the 9 characteristics of the value-added model?
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1. Non-ideological
2. Hierarchical 3. Exclusive membership 4. Perpetuist 5. Violent 6. Specialization: enforcer, fixers, money movers, brain trust 7. Monopolistic 8. Rules governed 9. Systems of redistribution |
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Why do we study the American Mafia?
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Has the longest history
Popularized by Hollywood and television Influential; many organized crime syndicates imitated the model |
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What is the early history of the Mafia in Sicily?
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Thousands of years of oppression and occupation
Government can't be trusted Famiglia Omerta mafia and Mafia Mussolini and Mori |
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What is the early history of the Camorra in Italy?
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Development
Cuuclo Case |
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Explain the Bureaucratic-Corporate (BC) Model.
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Cressey
Characteristics of bureaucracy Characteristics of Syndicate Boss Commission Consigliere Caporegime Soldati Rules: similar to prison gangs |
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Explain the Patron-Client Model.
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Ianni
Why BC model is favored Differences to BC Model: authority structure, decentralized communication, size, rule development, organizational "look", control |
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Explain Durkheim's definition of Anomie.
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normlessness, without rules or expectations
societies tend to go through periods of anomie when the rules od not apply society changes at these points caused by, for example economic shifts like from ag to industrial (family change: parents away to work and kids home alone; move from country to city) Problem as a theory: we're not always in transition and crime is consistent and virtually universal |
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What are the major theories of why Organized Crime occurs?
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Durkheim: Anomie; Merton; Sutherland; Shaw and McKay; Rational Choice
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Merton's Theory of OC
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Personal Anomie
Pathological materialism Means-goals gap Innovator |
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Sutherland's theory of OC
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Differential Association
Associations: 1. Frequencies of Association 2. Duration 3. Priority Learn from associations Values and attitudes, rationalizations, technique |
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Shaw & McKay theory of OC
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Defended neighborhoods and 3 characteristics
Cultural Transmission Ethnic Succession Criminal-Legitimization |
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RCT: Rational Choice Theory
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Suburbanization of mob; cultural norms that emerged
risk and reward |
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Hirshi and RCT
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Studied why people didn't become criminal
Social Control (Internal and external) manage the hedonists in us |
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Roots of Organized Crime
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1. Robber Barons
2. Urban Political Machine 3. Prohibition |
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"Robber Barons"
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Aster
Vanderbilt |
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Urban Political Machine
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Immigrants
Irish: large numbers, speak English, didn't trust gov |
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Prohibition
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Status Politics
Women's Temperance Movement Volstead Act Packer and negative contagion |
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Critiques of historical accounts of organized crime
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1. Journalistic Accounts
2. Informer Recollection 3.Law Enforcement Agency |
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Why the Irish were able to take control
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1. 1840: Potato famine; to avoid having them on welfare, landed gentry sponsored huge numbers to go to US
2. First large group to come into US already speaking English; didn't need to be coached 3. very comfortable with patron/client model; didn't need to learn it |
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1808
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1st Temperance
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1874
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Women's Christian Temperance; 1st large temperance group
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1893
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Largest temperance movement; Anti-Saloon League
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1911
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Workman's Group Act passed; mandates that employees hurt at work must be compensated by employer; employers become economically responsible for drunk employees
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1920
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18th Amendment: Prohibition; made it illegal to produce, sell, and distribute alcohol, and the Volstead Act shortly after established the policing of the 18th Amendment and provided funding
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Describe the history of organized crime in New York City
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Tammany Hall: collective property, civil service, regulation of crime, kickbacks
1st Police Dept. 1844: NYPD by the Irish, Metro by the WASP, Tammany street gangs and how prohibition increased statsu |
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Jewish Syndicates
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Arnold Rothstein
Dutch Schultz trucking |
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Italian Experience
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"Little Italy" and the emergence of the mafia
Prohibition expands power base |
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Castellammarese War
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Masseria v. Maranzano
Lucky Luciano Five Families |
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Explain the definitions of Organized Crime.
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Behavioral
Types of Crime (3 types) Goals (2 goals) Value-added Model (9 characteristics) |
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Describe the early history of the Mafia in Sicily.
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History of Invasion and Oppression
Relationship with government and churches Famiglia: Sangu de me Sangu, Capo, comparaticio, Omerta: vendetta mafia vs. Mafia |
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How the Mafia evolved
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Revolution in Italy 1860 & Gentries go north
Gabollota: typically capi Cosca Consorteria Onerata Societa & Capo di tutti capi Mussolini (2 ways to get rid of Mafia and result) 1928 Mori's statement |
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Describe the early history of the Mafia in Italy.
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Camorra & Prisons of Napoli (3 means of making money)
Diff from Mafia Mussolini and Cucuulo Case 1912 & Result |
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Describe and compare the organizational models.
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Cressey: bureaucratic-corporate model, 1956 Joe Volachi @ the McClellan Commission about union racketeering, characteristics; if head falls, pyramid falls, no sideways integration
Ianni: Patron-Client; based on fieldwork; fragmented system & authority decentralized; size limit and no long chains of communication; if hub falls, patron changes hubs and if patron falls, client changes patron. can always change players & so impossible to eliminate |
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What are the characteristics of Cressey's bureaucratic model?
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1) pyramid hierarchy; impersonal, growth unlimited
2) long chains of communication 3) rule bound (5 rules); discretion taken away from lower levels & only top makes decisions |
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What are the elements of the pyramidal hierarchy?
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1. Boss: capo or godfather
2. Underboss: implements boss's vision and everthing goes thru him to insulate the boss 3. Consigliare, not official part of system but acts as advisor, sometimes an old head of the family 4. Commission: All the 3 above answer to this; 24 Mafia families and 5 in NY; negotiates deals with other criminal groups and arbitrartes and resolves conflicts 5. Caporegime: responsible for groups of soldati and protected by family 6. Soldati: responsible for 1 element of the business like prostitution or gambling, etc. and are protected by family; their workers, though, are not protected |
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How does Ianni's patron-client model look?
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Hub with several patrons servicing clients. sideways integration
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Describe the theories of organized crime.
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1. Durkheim: social anomie
2. Sutherland: Differential Association theory, 4 types of associations, 3 things learned from associations 3. Shaw and McKay:defended neighborhoods (3 characteristics) and development, 3 cultural adaptations in defended neighborhoods; legitimization; ethnic succession 4. RCT (rational choice): developed specifically for organized crime; suburbanization of organized crime in 70s and 2 new norms emerging 5. Merton: pathological materialism, means-goal gap, adaptation: innovator; highly energized because of personal anomie 6. Hirshi: studied why ppl didn't become criminal; Freudian model, people are basically hedonistic but internal and external controls keep them in check |
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Describe the roots of organized crime.
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1. Early entrepreneurs or robber barons: Aster and native Americans; Vanderbilt and his shipping companies; 4 elements of criminal behavior all Am. founding entrepreneurs participated in
2. Urban political machines: 1820-50; Immigrants' roles; Irish and 4 reasons how they took control 3. Prohibition: battleground of WASPs vs. Irish; Gusfield's status politics; series of dates to remember; 4 things Prohibition Created that supported organized crime |
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Describe John Jacob Aster's story.
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Made a fortunein NY real estate and as a furrier; sold fur products to rich in US and abroad
Able to buy materials cheaply from Native Americans Illegal: when they held back from selling, Aster told his men to ply with alcohol first Illegal: extortion; Native Am. decide to stop drinking before deals and so Aster resorts to threats of violence against their villages and families Illegal: bribery; had the governor of Michigan, Cass, on his payroll to protect him legally; anytime an agent was arrested, Cass would grant clemency |
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Describe Cornelius Vanderbilt's story
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into shipping; established the Accessory Transit Co in Nicaragua, where he chartered his ships
1853: board of dir. seized control to get the profits; Vanderbilt startes competitive comp. and undercuts prices to reduce original market control 1856: board arranges for Nicaraguan revolution; paid mercenaries and installed puppet gov to cancel Vanderbilt's charter and reestablish monopoly 1856: Vanderbilt went to countries surrounding Nicaragua (Costa Rica, for ex) and paid them to invade the country and throw out the puppet gov; installed his own puppet gov |
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Urban Political Machines role
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1820-1850, population in US grew 4 times because of immigrants
Upon registration, immigrants immediately valuable because they could vote Machines broker power by delivering votes In return for votes, immigrants got protection and jobs, mostly in civil service like as police Set up models of corruption at the municipal level |
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How the Irish took control
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1. 1840 potato famine
2. 1st group coming in already speaking English and could immediately fit into political system 3. Very comfortable with patron-client model and didn't need to learn it; Irish had history of occupation and didn't trust the crown or church; patron-client model emerged; men of respect governed political-economic parts of local towns, not Brits 4.Political organization: Brought along tradition of organizing politically in clubs; couldn't go to church or city hall so met elsewhere like pubs; immediately became a threat |
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Status Politics and Prohibition
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Gusfield
Irish emergence in US created this Existing political power base called WASPs, or rural protestants, threatened by Urban Catholics or Irish WASPs try to take away pubs, which was the Irish's way of organizing against them 1808-1st temperance 1874-1st large temperance group, WCT 1893- largest group; ASL 1911-Workman's Comp Act 1920-18th Amendment and Volstead Act |
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What prohibition created
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1. Economic Vacuum; demand still present despite law
2. Need for someone to behave criminally and someone to organize to fill vacuum 3. Volstead created corruption; agents underpaid and easy to corrupt 4. Packer's Negative Contagion; Prohibition didn't sit with the avg. Am.; in a community, rules imposed that are not respected tends to breed general belief that all the rules in the social collective are not right and anomie ensues |
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History of Tammany Hall
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1789 established as a fraternal, patriotic group called the Society of St. Tammany; community leaders help the area; evolved into Tammany Hall
Collective Property; only people were property owners could vote, but law didn't specify size of land; organization bought property in its name and listed members as owners so they could vote 1838: Tammany hall controlled NY politics 1840: Irish flood NYC and control Tammny Hall 1844: establish 1st police force in NYC: NYPD; modeled after London but highly decentralized; Irish control of alderman, elected officials in charge of the segments of NYPD, elected by Tammany Hall Through NYPD, Tammany Hall controlled crime Got 6% kickback from all takes and gained economic power |
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The lure of NYPD
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Paid well
Not Monitored much Opportunity for graft and corruption No need for training |
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Irish vs. WASPs.
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1857-WASPs establish own police force; State Police Department of NY, or Metro
1870-Metro disbanded; Irish took over state politics and disbanded the English police |
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Consequences of the Metro
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1) WASPs alienated the population; large concentrations of immigrant groups who did not like imposed control; reminiscent of Ireland and Sicily; WASPs didn't live in NY; citizens supported NYPD
2) created a bond between the "gang's of new york"and NYPD against the metro; mostly ragtag groups before and now empowered by NYPD and had ties to legit political power |
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Who controlled NY Crime?
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1) Tammany Hall and NYPD
2) Gang leaders 3) Variety of high-profile Slavic-Jewish leaders |
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Arnold Rothstein
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"Bookmaker's bookmaker"; bookmakers who couldn't balance a bet placed turned to Rothstein to cover it
Credited as 1st person to organize organized crime; treated it as a business and had systems of accountability across town Chief fence in NY; often times had the buyer for item before the theft took place Set up 1st drug smuggling operation; opium for emerging markets Mentor to most major players in organized crime; Luciano, Lanksy, etc. |
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Arthur Flegenheimer
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Changed his name to "Dutch Schultz"
Organized the black syndicates in Harlem and gaming syndicates 1st Organized criminal to make teamster union racketeering; pilfer pensions, monopoly, pinch goods |
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What was the Italian Experience in NY?
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4 Million immigrate to eastern seaboard with 500,000 in Little Italy alone; highly concentrated pop.; became part of gangs and affiliated with Tammany Hall
Brought Mafia tradition; provided order to Little Italy and sense of ethnic identity; created jobs and kept Italian $ in Little Italy By early 1900s 2 major families emerge (Masseria and Maranzano); fueded but had relatively stable relationship until Prohibition |
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Castellammarese War
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1930
Masseria and Marazano both want control of NYC in its totality because of Prohibition War ended by Lucky Luciano, who later became highest capo Reportedly, Luciano told Maranzano that the war was bad for business and schemed to kill Masseria, who dies with Ace of Spades in hand which becomes death card for Mafia Luciano becomes underboss to Maranzano, who is suspicious and decides to pre-empt a possible attack and kill Luciano Luciano was planning a hit and his went off first, killing Maranzano and thus also ensuring control of Genovese family, most powerful of the 5 at the time |
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Who were the 5 families?
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1) Genovese
2) Gambino 3) Lucchese 4) Columbo 5) Bonnanno |
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Summarize Sicilian Mafia film
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1) May 23, 1992 Giovanni Valcone, most successful mafia prosecutor, and wife killed in explosion by Mafiossi
2) Borselino, friend and colleague, intensified efforts after Falcone's death but July 19th, 1992, is killed in explosion 3) Sicily subjected to constant invasion and foreign rules; family becomes focus 4) Sicilian mafia muscles in on land with violence and cuts off vacant land lords; one by cattle rustling 5) omerta 6) turn of century, 1 million fled to America after Mafia conrtol over economy created widespread poverty 7)Benito Mussolini: 1922 came to power in Rome, 1924 power of Sciily; hired Cesare Mori who was ordered to use any means necessary; took families hostage until the gay came out; used Mafia tactics 8) Mafia crippled until 1943; Allies released 100s mafiosi thinking they were political prisoners and put into power Don Calo 9) Luciano Leggio; favorite assassin of Corrionese; ran cattle and sheep rustling rackets 10) 1960s international drug trade brings morphine base to Sicily to refine and ship to US 11) 1963, bloody battle for heroine traffic; start killing indiscriminately, particularly with explosives 12) Michele Navarra kills way to the top of family; is killed in 1958 13) 1974 Luciano convicted of Michele's murder 14) Slavatore Riina, "the beast"; tried to unite the mafia; ordered 100s of executions and bodies dissolved in acid; also killed politicians and authorities who challenged authority 15) Valcone had watched Sicilian mafiossi's rise in 70s & 80s; refused to intimidate and created Anti-Mafia Pool; a lot of frightened mafiossi find their only chance to survive is to rat out prosecution 16) Oct 1983, Buschietta, running heroine in South Am. and US, arrested and extradited to Italy; Valcone and Buschietta form alliance and he told him everything he knew, including that Cupula was responsible for ok-ing all high level assassinations and so top bosses could be held responsible 17) Feb 10, 1986-Dec 1987 found 348 (3/4 of Mafiosi) guilty and 19 got life sentences, including Riina, who was missing at the time 18) Mafia makes life difficult for Volcone, prevented his promotion and dissolved the Anti Mafia Pool; then he was killed May 1992 19) Sicilians demanded action; gov passed a lot of anti-mafia laws; army sent in to do police work so police could focus on Mafia; 1998 army withdraws |
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Summarize 5 Points Gangs Video
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1) 5 Points is an NYC intersection in Manhattan; birthplace of American gang before Civil War; 1840s tenements; once a pond filled in in 1791, attracted the poorest of the poor; continuous 150 years history of gangs
2) Irish in 1840s, Cent. Europeans 1880s-1890s, S. Italians and Sicilians early 1900s 3) Most gangs in 1840s-50s not criminal but male sociability; working class men prove courage and loyalty through crime 4) 1840s 1st big wave of immigration; Irish; 5 Points one of few places could afford to live and quickest way to make living was crime because of prejudices 3)Irish organize muggings and illegal alcohol production and distribution in grocery backrooms; names like 40 Thieves and Roach Guard and Plug Uglies 4) American born gangs resent encroachment of foreign on their territory; gangs like American Guards; antagonism reached peak July 4, 1857, during worst riot after Dead Rabbits led an assault against Bowry Boys and people joined to fight; lasted 2 days and over 100 killed 5)Big Tim Sullivan; gangster, saloon keeper, prostitute keeper, and congressman; became a tough guy and terrorized votes for corrupt politicians; later became one himself; persistently accused of funding campaign with prostitution money 6) Irish leave 5 points and two groups remain; |