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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the importance of interpersonal skills in managing?
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1. understaning OB helps determine manager effectiveness
2.organizational benefits of skilled managers |
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what are the four management functions?
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1. control
2. plan 3. lead 4. organize |
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a process that inclueds defining goals, establishing plans to coordinate activities
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plan
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determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made
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organize
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a function that includes motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most channels, and resolving conflicts.
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lead
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monitoring performance, conparing actual performance with perviously set goals, and correcting any deviation
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control
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what are Mitzberg's categories of roles of managers?
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interpersonal
informational decisional |
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what are Katz's essential management skills?
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technical
human conceptual |
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the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise
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technical skills
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the ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups
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human skills
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the mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations
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conceptual skills
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what are the four types of managerial activity according to Luthans
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traditional management
communication human resource management networking |
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a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structures have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledy toward improvig an organization's effectiveness
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organizational behavior
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what is the benefist of usings OB principles in making decision about ppl compared to using "gut feelings"
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OB principles looks at relationships, scientific evidence and predicts behaviors
intutions uses gut feelings, individual observation, and commonsense |
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what is the basis for much of the therory behind OB?
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behavioral sciences
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why are there few absolutes in OB?
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human beings are all different and it is not possible to predict with 100% certainty how one with act in a given situation
and there are many variables |
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what are 10 challenges facing OB?
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globalization,
diversity, improving quality and productivity, improving customer service, improving ppl skills, stimulating innovation and change, coping with temporariness, working in networked organizations, helping employees balance work-life conflicts, and improving ethical behaviors |
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what are the 6 dependent variables of OB?
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productivity,
absenteeism, turnover, deviant workplace behaviors, organizational citizenship, and job satisfaction |
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an individual's capactiy to perform the various tasks in a job.
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ability
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what are the two types of ability?
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intellectual abilities and physical abilities
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objective and esily obtained personal characteristics
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biographical characteristics
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what are some examples of biographical characterisitics?
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age,
gender race tenure religion sexual orientation gender identity |
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a permanent change that occurs as a result of emperience (behavior change)
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learning
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a type of conditioning in which an individual respondes to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response
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classical conditioning
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a type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leasds to a reward or prevents a punishment
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operant conditioning
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ppl can learn through obersvation and direct experience
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social-learning theory
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who came up with classical conditioning? operant conditioning?
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classical: pavlov
operant: BF skinner |
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changing behavior through reinforcement.
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shaping
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what are four methods of shaping?
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(+)
(-) punishment or extinction |
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what are the schedules of reinforcement?
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continuous or intermittent
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a schedule of reinforcement where the effect is average and irregular performance with rapid extinction
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fixed-interval
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a schedule of reinforcement where the effect is moderately hign and stable performance with slow extinctions
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variable-interval
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a schedule of reinforcement where the effect is high ans stable performance attained quickly but also with rapid extiction
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fixed-ratio
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a schedule of reinforcement where the effect is very high performance with slow extinction
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variable-ratio
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how we feel about something
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attitude
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what ate the three components of attitude?
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cognitive-behavior
affective-feeling, behavioral-action or proposed action |
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does attitude affect behavior?
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yes in many case but not always
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an incompatibility between attitude and behavior
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cognitive dissonance
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what are the moderating variables that might affect our lack of action in regards to cognitive dissonace?
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importance of attitude,
its correspondence behavior accessiblity, and social pressures |
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what are the major job attitudes? (5)
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job satisfaction
job invlovement organizationsl commitment, perceived organizational support, employee engagement |
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how is job satisfaction meansured?
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single global rating or summation score of key elements
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what are some of the caused of job satisfaction? (7)
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pay (but to a small degree after min salary)
core self-evaluation the work itself promotional opportunites supervision coworkers |
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how can employees respond to hob dissatisfaction?
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exit, voice, loyalty, and voice
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behavior directed toward leaving the organization
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exit
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active and constructive attempts to improve conditions
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voice
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allowing condition to worsen
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neglect
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paddicely waiting for conditions to improve
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loyalty
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___ factors within the job itself tend to influence job satisfaction more than ____ factors such as pay, working conditions,etc.
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intrinsic; external
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high job satisfaction is ___ correlated with good customer service and job performance, while correlated to a ___ degree with organizational citizenship and attendance and turnover
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(+), lesser
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workers in the U.S. tend to be ___ satisfied with their work that workers in eastern cultures.
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more
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job satisfaction has declined in the U.S. form ___% in 1987 to ___% in 2006
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61 to 47
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the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical system that determing his unique agustments to his environment
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personality
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what are 2 factors that determine personality?
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heredity and environment
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enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior
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personality traits
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what way to measuere and classifyu personality types when participants are classified on four axes
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myer-briggs type indicator
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what is the big five model of personality dimensions?
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extroversion
agreeableness conscientiousness emmotional stability openness to experience |
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the degress to which people like or dislike themselves
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core-self evaluation
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a (+) core self-evaluation can lead to ____.
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higher job performance
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basic convictions on how to conduct yourself or how to live your life that is personally or socially perferable
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values
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a person's values rank ordered by intensity
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value system
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why are values inportant to the study of OB?
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provide understanding of the attitueds, motivation and behaviors
represent interpretation of right and wrong |
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cohort who is harworking, conservative, conforming, loyalty to the organization
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veterans
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cohort whose values are success, achievement, ambition, dislike of authority, and loyalty to career
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boomers
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cohort whose values are work/life balance, team-oriented, dislike or rules, and loyalty to relationships
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Xers
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cohort whoes valuse are confidence, financial success, self-reliant, but team oriented. loyalty to both self and relationships
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Nexters
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model that has six peronsality types. in this model there appear to be difference in personality between ppl and that ppl in job congruent with their personality sld be more satisfied and have lower turnover
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Holland's personality-job fit theory
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what is genergally the result of a good person-job-fit
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highlevels of job satisdaction
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part of Hofstede's framwork for assessing culture: the extent to which a cosity accepts that power in institution and organization is distributed unequally
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power distance
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part of Hofstede's framwork for assessing culture: the degress to which ppl prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of groups
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individualism
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part of Hofstede's framwork for assessing culture: a tight social framework in which ppl expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them
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collectivism
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part of Hofstede's framwork for assessing culture: the extent to which the society values work roles of achievement, power, and control, and where assertiveness and materialism are also valued
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masculinity
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part of Hofstede's framwork for assessing culture: the extent to which thee is little differentiation between roles for men and women
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femininity
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part of Hofstede's framwork for assessing culture: the extent to which a socitey feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them
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uncertainty avoidance
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part of Hofstede's framwork for assessing culture: a national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence
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long-term orientation
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part of Hofstede's framwork for assessing culture: a national culutre attribute that emphasizes the present and the here and now
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short-term orientation
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a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their enviroment
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perception
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people's behavior is based on their ___ of what reality is, not on reality itself
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perception
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what ate three factors that influence perceptions?
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perceiver, target, and situation
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what is perception studies in OB?
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bc our personality and our values affect our perceptions
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explains the ways we judge ppl differently depending on the meaning that we placed on a given behavior
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attribution theory
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what we see or experience is influenced by our interests, beliefs, background, etc.
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selestive perception
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the general impression of an individual based on a single characteristic or ecperience
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halo effects
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our perception is influenced by others that have come before.
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contrast effects
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judging one by his/her association with a groups, one form of which is profiling
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stereotyping
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our decision making is influenced by our ____
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perceptions
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what is the 6 steps ing the rational decision making model?
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1. define the problem
2. identify the decision criteria 3. allocate weights to the criteria 4. develop the alternatives 5. evaluate the alternatives 6. select the best alternative based on the criteria |
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making decisions based on imcomplete information (aka satisficing)
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bounded rationality
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making decisions based on gut feel or intuition rather than using a rational process
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intuitive decision making
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believing too much in our own ability to make good decisions
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overconfidence bias
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using early, first received information as the basis for making subsequent judgments
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anchoring bias
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selecting and using only facts that support our decision
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confirmation bias
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emphasizing information that is most readily at hand
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availability bias
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increasing commitment to a decision in spit of evidence that it is worng
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escalation of commitment
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creating meanign out of random events - superstitions
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randomness error
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highes bidder pay too much due to bvalue overestimation and likelihood increases with the number of ppl in auction
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winner's curse
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after an outcome is already known, believing it could have been accurately predicted beforehand
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hindsight bias
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managerial evaluation criteria influence actions
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performance evaluation
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managers will make the decision with the greatest personal payoff for them
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reward systems
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limit the alternative choices of decision makers
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formal regulations
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restrict ability to gather or evaluate information
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system-imposed time constraints
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past decision influence current decisions
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historical precedents
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what are the three ethical decision criteria?
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utilitarianism, rights and justice
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what is best for the greatest numver of people
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utilitarianism
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protecting fundamental rights
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rights
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fair and impartial to result in equitable distribution of costs and benefits
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justice
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what are the requirements for creativity?
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expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic motivation
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globally there are differences in attributions as well as differences in decision making and ethics. you must be aware of these differences to be effective in _____.
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global work environments
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process that accounts for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal
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motivation
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what are the hierarchy of needs?
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physiological
safety social esteem self-actualization |
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who came up the the hierarchy of needs?
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Maslow
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managers view employees either (+) or (-) and manage them accordingly
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theory X and theory Y
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who came up with the theory X and Y
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McGregor
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job satisfieres ten to be intrinsic rather than extrinsic and factors that lead to job satisfaction (______ ) are distinct from those that lead to dissatisfaction (______).
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Two factor theory; motivating factors; hygiene factors
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who came up with the two factor theory?
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Hertzberg
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every person has a need for achievement, power and affiliation
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Theory of Needs
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who came up with the theory of needs?
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McCleland
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introduction of ectrinsic rewards to work that had been intrinsically rewarding, can reduce job satisfaction
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cognitive evaluation theory
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for goal setting to be a source of improved employee performance much have specific goals, must be accepted by employees, must be challenging but achievable, must provide feetback, must have employee participation in the goal setting, and must have employee committment to the goal
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goal setting theory
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who came up with the goal setting theory?
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edwin locke
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a formal process pf management incorporating goal setting as a major focus. to be affective the goals must be tangible, verifiable, and measureable
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Management by Objectives (MBO)
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individuals belief that he/she can accomplish a goal. can be increased by experience, modeling, verbal persuasion, the pygmalion effect, and intelligence and personality.
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self-efficacy theory
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who came up with the self-efficacy theory?
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Bandura
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self-fufilling prophecies
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pygmalion and galatea effects
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our view of euity influences our attitude which in turn influences our behavior and thus our performance
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equity theory
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the strength of our action towards a goal is a function of the strngth of our expectation that our actions will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of the outcome.
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expectancy theory
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who came up with the expectancy theory?
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vroom
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A country's ___ affects the outcome of different approaches to motivation
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culture
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jobs can be internally motivating as they includes skill variety, task identity, task significance, sutonomy and feedback
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job characteristics model
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who can up with job characteristics model?
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Hackman and Oldham
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what are the job redesign methods?
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job rotation
job enlargement job enrichment |
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adding cariety to jobs
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job rotation
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horizontal expansion of jobs
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job enlargement
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vertical expansion of jobs
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job enrichment
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what are the 3 alternative work arrangements?
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flextime, job sharing, and telecommunting
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what are the 3 employee involvement methods?
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participative management
representative participation and quality circles |
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subordinates share a significan degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors
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participative management
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what are two types of representative participation?
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work councils and board representatives
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a work group of employees who meet regularly to discuss their guality problems, investigate causes, recommend solutions , and take corrective actions
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quality circle
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what are two factors that affect pay systems?
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pay strategies and variable pay systems
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workers are paid a dixed sum for each unit of production completed
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piece rate
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payment that is based on performance appraisal ratings
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merit-based pay
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payments that rewards recent performance
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bonuses
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organization-wide programs that distribute compensation based on some established formula designed aroung a company's profitability
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profit sharing
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an incentive plan in which improbvements in group productivity detemine the total amount of money that is allocated
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fain sharing
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company-established benefit plans in which employees acquire stock as part of their benefits
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employee stock ownership plans
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program where personal attention given to employee and approval and appreciation for a job well done
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recognition program
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what are 3 benefits for employee recognition programs?
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fulfill employees' desire for recognition
inexpensive to omplement encourage repetition of desired behaviors |
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what is a drawback of recognition programs?
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susceptible to manipulation by management
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why is it important to understand emotion s and moods as they are related to the work enviroments?
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bc they cant be separated form the workplace
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intense feeling directed at someone or something
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emotion
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less intense feelings, often lacking contextual stimulus
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mood
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what are the 6 basic emotions?
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anger
fear sadness happiness disgust surprise |
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what is the importance of emotions to rational thinking?
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our emotions provide important information about how er understand the world around us.
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who is Phineas Gage?
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man who had a accient in the mines that enabled him to experience emotions. ( caused him to think irrationally)
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source of emotion and mood: ther is a trait component that affects intensity
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personality
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source of emotion and mood: day and time of the week
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happier in the midpoint of the day and toward the end of the week
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source of emotion and mood: weather
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no effect
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source of emotion and mood: stress
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any level of stress can worsen moods
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source of emotion and mood: social attivities
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physical, informational, and dining activities increase positive moods
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source of emotion and mood: sleep
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poor sleep increases (-) affect
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source of emotion and mood: exercise
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somewhat improves mood, especially for depressed ppl
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source of emotion and mood: age
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older folks experience fewer (-) emotions
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source of emotion and mood: gender
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women: more emotionally expressive, feel emotions more intensely, have longer-lasting moods, and express emotions more frequently than men
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expressing organizational desire emotion at work
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emotional labor
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conflict or difference between felt emotions and ecpressed emotions
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emotional dissonance
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employees react emotionally to events that happen in the workplace and the reaction influences their performance and satisfaction
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affective events theory
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ability to be self-aware, deflect emotions in others, and manage emotional cues and information
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emotional intelligence
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how do emotions affect selection?
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EI sld be a hiring factor, ezpecially for social jobs
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how do emotions affect decision making?
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(+) emotions can lead to better decisions
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how do emotions affect creativity?
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(+) moods increase flexibility, openness, and creativity
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how do emotions affect motivation?
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(+) mood affects expectations of success
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how do emotions affect leadership?
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emotions are important to acceptance of messages from organizational leaders
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how do emotions affect negotiation?
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emotions, skillfully displayed, can affect negotiations
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how do emotions affect customer service?
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emotions affect sevice quality delivered to customers which, in turn, affects customer relationships
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how do emotions affect job attitudes?
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can carry over to home, but dissipate overnight
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how do emotions affect deviant workplace behaviors?
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(-) emotions lead to employee deviance
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do ppl experience emotions equally?
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no, cultures can determine type, frequence, and depth of experienced emotions
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do ppl in different culture interpret emotions the same way?
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yes, (-) emotions are seen as undesiravle and (+) emotions are desirable
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do norms of emotional expression vary amoung cultures?
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yes, some cultures have a bias against emotional ecpression and others demand some display of emotion
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