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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and reacts with others
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personality
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enduring characteristics that describes an individual's behavior
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personality traits
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a personality test that taps 4 characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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a personality assessment model that taps 5 basic dimensions
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Big Five Model
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a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
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extraversion
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a personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting
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agreeableness
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a personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
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conscientiousness
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a personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, secure versus nervous, depressed, and insecure
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emotional stability
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a personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity
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openness to experience
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the degree to which an individual likes or dislikes himself, whether the person sees himself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels in control of his environment or powerless over the environment
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core self-evaluation
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the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and belief that ends can justify means
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Machiavellianism
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the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement
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narcissism
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a personality trait that measure an individual's ability to adjust his behavior to external, situational factors
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self-monitoring
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aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less time and, if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other things or other people
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type A personality
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people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
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proactive personality
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basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally and socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence
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values
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desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during his lifetime
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terminal values
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preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one's terminal values
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instrumental values
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a theory that identifies 6 personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover
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Personality-job fit theory
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a national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather as members of groups
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individualism
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a national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them
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collectivism
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a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the cultures favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control
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masculinity
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a national culture attribute that has little differentiation between male and female roles, where women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of society
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femininity
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a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them
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uncertainty avoidance
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a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally
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power distance
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a national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence
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long-term orientation
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a national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and fulfillment of social obligations
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short-term orientation
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a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment
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perception
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the 3 factors that influence perception is...?1/3
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perceiver
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the 3 factors that influence perception is...?2/3
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target
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the 3 factors that influence perception is...?3/3
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situation
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suggest that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused
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attribution theory
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as attribution theory, our determination of internally or externally caused behavior depends on what 3 factors?1/3
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distinctiveness
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as attribution theory, our determination of internally or externally caused behavior depends on what 3 factors?2/3
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consensus
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as attribution theory, our determination of internally or externally caused behavior depends on what 3 factors?3/3
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consistency
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when we make judgments about the behavior of other people, we have a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors
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fundamental attribution error
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we have a tendency to attribute our own success to internal factors while putting the blame for failure on external factors
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self-serving bias
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what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?1/5
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selective perception
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what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?2/5
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halo effect
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what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?3/5
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contrast effects
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what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?4/5
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projection
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what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?5/5
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stereotyping
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any characteristic that make a person, an object, or an event stand out will increase the probability that we will perceive it
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selective perception
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a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait is influenced by the perception of another trait of that person or object.
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halo effect
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our reaction to a person is influenced by other persons we have recently encountered
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contrast effects
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Stereotypes are generalizations, or assumptions, that people make about the characteristics of all members of a group, based on an image about what people in that group are like.
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stereotyping
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a discrepancy between some current state of affairs and desired state requires a person to consider alternative courses of action
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problem
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the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?1/6
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Define the problem
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the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?2/6
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Identify decision criteria
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the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?3/6
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Weight the criteria
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the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?4/6
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Generate alternatives
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the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?5/6
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evaluate alternatives
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the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?6/6
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select the optimal decision
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the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?1/6
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problem clarity
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the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?2/6
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known options
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the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?3/6
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clear preferences
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the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?4/6
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constant preferences
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the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?5/6
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no time or cost constraints
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the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?6/6
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maximum payoff
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the Three-component model of creativity are...?1/3
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expertise
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the Three-component model of creativity are...?2/3
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creativity skills
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the Three-component model of creativity are...?3/3
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motivation
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in decision making, rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions.
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bounded rationality
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what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?1/8
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overconfidence bias
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what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?2/8
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anchoring bias
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what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?3/8
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confirmation bias
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what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?4/8
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availability bias
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what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?5/8
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representative bias
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what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?6/8
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escalation of commitment
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what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?7/8
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randomness error
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what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?8/8
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hindsight bias
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people tend to rate themselves above average.
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overconfidence bias
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describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.
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anchoring bias
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a tendency for people to favor information that confirms their preconceptions or hypotheses regardless of whether the information is true.
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confirmation bias
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the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them
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availability bias
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指我們在預估某個情況發生的可能性時,會傾向拿已有或自己熟悉的前例來套用,而沒有去判斷該例子是否合適
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representative bias
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people continue to support or believe in something that even there is clear evidence that it's wrong.
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escalation of commitment
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errors in measurement that lead to measured values being inconsistent when repeated measures of a constant attribute or quantity are taken.
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randomness error
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people exaggerate the predictability of an event after it has already happened.
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hindsight bias
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the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?1/5
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performance evaluation
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the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?2/5
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reward systems
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the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?3/5
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formal regulations
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the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?4/5
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system-imposed time constraints
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the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?5/5
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historical precedents
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managers are strongly influenced in their decision making by the criteria on which they are evaluated
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performance evaluation
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the organization's reward system influences decision makers by suggesting to them what choices are preferable in terms of personal payoff
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reward systems
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the organization's rules and policies intended to get individuals to act in the intended manner
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formal regulations
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organizations impose deadlines on decisions, creating time pressure to decision maker
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system-imposed time constraints
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decisions made in the past still influence current options
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historical precedents
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the 3 criteria in ethical decisions are...?1/3
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utilitarianism
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the 3 criteria in ethical decisions are...?2/3
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rights
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the 3 criteria in ethical decisions are...?3/3
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justice
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the 4 personalities of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are...?1/4
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Extraverted v.s. Introverted
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the 4 personalities of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are...?2/4
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Sensing v.s. Intuitive
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the 4 personalities of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are...?3/4
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Thinking v.s. Feeling
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the 4 personalities of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are...?4/4
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Judging v.s. Perceiving
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the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?1/5
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openness
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the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?2/5
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extraversion
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the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?3/5
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agreeableness
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the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?4/5
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conscientiousness
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the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?5/5
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emotional stability
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