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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long has the Mollusca Phylum been around?
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540 million years ago
Cambrian period |
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What is a closer link to Mollusca? Annelida or Arthopoda?
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Annelida
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Is Mollusca bilateral or radial?
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Bilateral
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Is Mollusca diploblastic or triploblastic?
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Triploblastic
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Is Mollusca a deutorsome or protosome?
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Protosome
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Is Mollusca eucoelomate or pseudocoelmate?
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Eucoelomate
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What are the primitive classes of Mollusca?
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Aplacophora, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora
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What are the Mollusca organs held in place by?
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Mesenteries
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What type of skeleton does the Mollusca Phylum have?
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
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What are the two generalized Mollusca body portions?
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Visceral & Head-Foot
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What is the rasping, tongue like organ with tiny teeth used for scraping, drilling holes, and ripping up prey?
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Radula
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Which end is the mouth located at in Mollusca?
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Anterior
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What are some specialized organs found on the head-foot portion of the mollusca?
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Photosensory Organs
Complex Eyes (only in cephalopod) Many have tentacles |
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What is the foot located in direction of the mouth?
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Posterior
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Describe the job of the mantle of the Mollusca?
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Protects soft part of the body
Secretes shell and pearls |
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Describe the job of the mantle cavity.
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Houses gills or lungs, all products created during digestion, excretion and reproduction products empty into cavity also
-marine form can flush out with water |
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What type of circulartory system does Mollusca have?
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Both open and closed.
Closed only in cephalopods -Open blood pumped through hemocoel and diffuses back to circulatory system -Closed flows through vessels of different size and wall thickness |
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What is the respiratory system like in Mollusca?
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They use diffusion to exchange gases through mantle both gills and lungs present in Phylum
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What is different about Mollusa excretory system than any before it?
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First sign of a kidney system called metanephridia
these drain coelom out to mantle cavity |
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What are the main parts of the Mollusa nervous system?
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Pair of ganglia and connecting nerve cords
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Are Mollusca monoecious or dioecious?
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Most are dioecious and some Gastropoda are monoecious
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Explain the evoultionary innovation of coiling in Gastropoda.
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Sprial winding of shell
-more compact shell -better weight distribution -loss of right gill, kidney, and right auricle of the heart |
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Explain the innovation in Gastropoda called torsion.
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Rotation of anus to anterior of mantle cavity
-occurs during larva development -create fouling problem, lost of right gill because dirty water is sucked back into gills -nudibranch untorsion to move anus back to back of body |
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What way does water circulate in mantle cavity?
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left to right
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What has land snail and slugs done to make up for loss of gills?
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Vascularized mantle cavity has become a lung
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What are the different ways that Gastropoda get food?
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Grazers
Scavengers (eat decaying meat) Carnivorous (saw into shells and eat organism) |
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Some land snails have active courtship, what is it that they do to fertilize each other?
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They calcifie a sack of sperm to stick into female called "love dart"
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Describe main features of bivalvia class of mollusca.
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Mainly filter-feeders
No radula No Head Reduced cephalization Mostly marine and some freshwater |
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Describe the filter feeding process seen in Bivalvia.
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gills collect food particles, cilary tracts move mucous to labial palps and mouth
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Bivalvia are monoecious or dioecious.
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Dioecious
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What are the stages of marine bivalvia larva?
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Trocophore, veliger, spat
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What is the larva state and living status for freshwater?
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Glochidium- parasitizes fishes for dispersal
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What are major threats for freshwater mollusca?
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building dams, impoundments, channels
pollution from industrial waste agriculture diversion from irrigation, runoff from fertilizers and pesticides invasive muscle- zebra muscle taking up avaible space for other native species |
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What is the most complex mollusca class and also the most complex invertebrate?
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Cephalopoda
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What are the two evoltionary trends in Cephalopoda?
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Loss of shell, reduction in number of arms/tentacles
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What 7 adaptations to cephalopoda's predatory lifestyle?
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Funnel- jet propulsion
Tentacles- with suckers Chromatophores- color change for alarm, cameophlage, courtship Ink Sac- dark fluid Nervous System- highly developed brain Elaborate eye- convergent of terrestial eyes Closed Circulartory System- rapid oxygenation for active lifestyle |
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What part of the body is the Mollusca coelom mainly limited to?
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Around the heart
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What is the cephalopoda reproduction?
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dioecious, transfer of spermatophore, extensive parental care
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Are Mollusca able to reproduce asexually?
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No
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What is the name for the hard plate covering the opening in a Gastropods shells?
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Operculum
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What are the name for the pigments associated with color changes in octopi?
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chromatophores
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Define the term suspension feeding, used to describe Bivalvia feeding mechanism
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dependence on ciliary currents to provide a collection of food
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What is the purpose of the branchial hearts?
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They are the primary pump for blood coming from the body going into the gills
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Are Annelida bilateral or radial?
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Bilateral
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Are Annelida triploblastic or diploblastic?
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Triploblastic
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Are Annelida deutersome or protosome?
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protosome
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Are Annelida pseudocoelomate or eucoelomate?
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eucoelomate
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What type of skeleton does Annelida have?
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Hydrostratic Skeleton
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Define metamerism.
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partitioning of coelom with walls or septa
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What are the three advantages to having metamerism?
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1. Solves sloshing problem of internal organs
2. Widening or elongation is restricted in sections 3. allows funtional redundancy, very easily replicated organ systems |
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What are the muscle type(s) in Annelida?
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Longitudinal and circular
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What are the three regions of a Annelida's body?
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Prostomium, Metameres of body, Pygidium
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Where are new segements added to an Annelida at?
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in front of last segment (pygidium)
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What are the names for the appendages and bristle on Annelida?
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Parapodia and Setae
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Is the circulatory system open or closed in Annelida?
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Closed
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What is the make up for the excretory system?
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pair of nephridia for each segment
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Which systems are repeated in each segment?
Which are not? |
Circulatory, Excretory, Nervous
Digestive, Respiration, Reproduction |
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Describe the Class Polychaeta.
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Complex head structure
Parapodia with setae Mainly Marine Dioecious External Fertilization Trocophore Larva |
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Describe the Class Oligochaeta.
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Less head
No Parapodia Fewer, reduced setae terresterial, some freshwater direct development Monoecious Clitellum for internal fertilization |
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Describe the Class Hirudinea.
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Complex head
No parapodia or setae Mainly freshwater Clitellum during breeding |
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What is special about the saliva of leeches?
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It's full of anesthetics, anitcoagulants, and vasodilators
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Do leeches have septa like polychaeta and earthworms?
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Only in early stages, loses them as adults
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What is the most diverse phylum?
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Arthropoda
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Arthropoda make up ___ % of the animal diversity on earth.
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75
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Arthropoda dates back to the _____ period by using fossil records.
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Precambrian
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Arthropoda:
Radial or Bilateral? Psuedocoelomate or Eucoelomate? Protostome or deuterstome? |
Bilateral
Eucoelomate Protostome |
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What are the spaces between tissues in an Arthropoda body cavity filled with?
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Blood
Creates a hemocoel |
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Arthropoda:
Complete or imcomplete digestive system? Open or closed circulatory system? |
Complete
Open |
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What is the term for reduced metamerism by fusion of segments?
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Tagmata
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What are the four types of tagmate found in Arthropoda?
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Head
Cephalothorax Thorax Abdomen |
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Explain the differences in crustaceans, spiders, and insects respiratory systems.
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C- gills projecting off of legs
S- book lungs parallel air pockets into hemocoel I- trachea and spiracles |
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Explain the evolutionary innovation of an exoskeleton in Arthropoda.
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based on a cuticle secreted by epidermis
strengthen by either chitin or calcium salts not expandable must molt shell to grow into new larger one |
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What are the positives to have metamorphic changes?
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Reduces intraspecific competition allowing for larva and adult to no longer compete for same food source
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What are the differences in terrestrial and aquatic excretory systems?
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T- Malphigian Tubes (blind pouches into hemocoel, made to conserve water)
A- Green Glands (paired glands in head with vent blow antennae) |
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Compare simple eyes vs. compound eyes.
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S- single lens detects motion or light
C- up to 30,000 lens, found in crustacea/insects, usually lens is on stalk, provides wide field of vision but not clear picture |
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What could possibly be the link between Annelida and Arthropoda?
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Phylum Onychophora Velvet worms
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Where to velvet worms inhabit?
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Used to be only marine now only terestrial, moist tropical rainforest
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What are the Annelida like feature of the Onychophora?
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Soft outer cuticle
paired paddlelike limbs nephridia pigment cup ocelli eyes |
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What Arthropoda like features of the Onychophora?
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Chitinous cuticle method
reduced coelom open circulatory respiration by trachea mandibles in mouth |
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Trilobita are the most diverse group of ______ organisms.
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Extinct
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How many tagmata did they have and were named the same as other Arthropods?
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3, no different names
Cephalon, Thorax, Pygidium |
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How many tagmata do Chelicerata have and what are their names?
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Cephalothorax and abdomen
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How many do Chelicerata have?
Chelicera? Pedipalps? Walking legs? Mandibles + Antennae? |
1 pair
1 pair 4 pair 0 |
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Class Merostomata of the Subphylum Chelicerata has three features not found in any other Chelicerate, what are they?
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Book gills
Telson- long tale structure used to flip over when turned wrong side up Copper based blood- used for medical purposes without harm to horseshoe crab |
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What are the 4 peculiar features of the Sea Spider (Class Pycnogonida)?
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Long, clawed legs w/ reduced abdomen
Long probosic for sucking Gut=long blind pouches extended into legs eggs are carried by male modified limbs called ovigers |
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The Class Arachnida have modified Chelicerae used as what?
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Fangs which has a poison gland attached to inject victims with
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What is the organ that produces the silk in Order Araneae called?
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Spinnerets
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Name three main distinctions between Order Scorpionida and the rest of the Arachnida?
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Clawlike pedipalps
Abdomen ending in stinger Ovoviviparous- live from birth but hatch out of mom when done in egg (not excatly live birth) |
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How many tagmata do Order Acari have?
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1- Cephalothorax and abdomen are fused
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In subphylum Crustacea appendages are in a primitive condition called ____.
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Biramous- two branches at end of limb
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Class Branchipoda have ______ appendages used for _____ & ______ instead of locomotion. They used their ______ for locomotion.
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Flattend
Gas Exchange &SuspensionFeeding Attennae |
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Like in other oragisms studied earlier Class Branchipoda have the ability to produced thick-shelled eggs that can what?
What is the term for producing many females and no males? |
The eggs can survive very unfavorable conditions, laying dormant until conditions level out again.
Parthenogensis |
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The relocation of Class Branchiopda to hypersaline lakes was for what reason?
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Evolutionary development to get away from the many predators in regular marine habitats
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Class Maxillopoda, Subclass Copepoda are small planktonic animals that lack what on their abdomen?
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Appendages
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Are the Subclass Copepoda similar or different from their larva stage?
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Similar
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Subclass Copepoda parasite on what speicies of fish?
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Wild Pink Salmon
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Class Maxillopoda, Subclass Cirripedia are unlike other crustaceans because of what features?
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They are sessile
Enclosed in bivalva structure Reduced head No Abdomen |
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Subclass Cirripedia use what feature to gather food from the water around them?
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Cirri are used for filter feeding
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Subclass Cirripedia are ________ meaning they live on another organism, benefiting themselves and not harming their "ride".
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Commensal- they ride on whales, sea turtles, crabs and jellyfish
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Are Cirripedia diecious or monoecious?
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Monoecious but they practice cross fertilization
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Class Malacostraca, Order Isopoda are ___________ compressed and contain _____ tagmata.
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Dorsoventrally
Three |
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Order Isopoda are said to have to have represented what of crustaceans?
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Main invasion of land
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The invasion of land by the Isopoda is led by what two innovations to their development?
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No larva stage= direct development
Brood young in marsupium (egg chamber) |
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Class Malacostraca, Order Decapoda have how many pairs of walking legs?
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5
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Are Decapoda monoecious or dioecious?
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Dioecious
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Where are the fertilized eggs kept until hatched on Decapoda?
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Under the females abdomen
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What are most Decapoda's means of feeding?
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They are mostly predators and scavengers
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Compare the features common to the two polyhyletic Subphyla Myriapoda and Hexapoda.
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Uriamous appendages
Mandibles: -1-2 pairs of maxillae -1 pair of antennae Myriapoda: -2 tagmata, 1+ pair of legs per segment Hexapoda: -3 tagmata, 3 pairs of legs |
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What are the names for the two tagmata of Myriapoda?
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Head
Trunk |
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Myriapoda, Class Chilopoda have how many legs per segment and do what with young?
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They have 1 pair per segment
Mothers actively protect and care for young |
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Myriapoda, Class Diplopoda have how many legs per abdominal segment and do they eat plants or other organisms?
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They have 2 pairs of legs and up 375 total
They are herbivores |
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How do Diplopoda aquire protection from predators?
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They will roll up into a ball, also they are brightly colored warning animals that they are poisionous
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Diplopoda have a derived trait with their segments not seen in Chilopoda, what is it?
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Special fused segments
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Currently Class Insecta make up about what percent of described species?
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70%
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What is the term for the study of insects?
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Entomology
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What are unique features in Insecta body plan?
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3 pair of thoracic legs
2 pairs of wings |
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What are the five adaptations that allowed insecta to colonize terrestial habitats?
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1. small size allowed for them to live in even the smallest niche
2. evolution of flight allowed for dispersal of speices so not to compete for food source 3. waxy epicuticle prevented water loss 4. uric acid based excretory system allowed for waste to build up longer without harming organism 5. cleidoic eggs allowed young to have necessary embryonic development material and resisted desication |
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Describe major evolutions in Insecta.
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Wingless -> Evolution of wings -> Evolution of folding wings -> Evolution of complete metamorphosis
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What subclasses are used to divide wingless (2 orders) from winged (22 orders) Insecta?
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Apterygota (wingless)
Pterygota (winged) |
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The evolution of folded wings helps those Insecta with it because of what reasons?
How many orders can do this? |
Protection from harming wings
Exploring tiny enviroments Around 20 orders have folded wings |
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What is an inbetween step to having unfolded and folded wings?
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Damselflies and mayflies hold their wings upright when not in use making their bodies more streamlined
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Describe direct development relative to Insecta.
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-Primitive condition found in silverfish
-3 stages: egg, juvenile, adult -juvenile identical to adult just without sexual maturity and smaller |
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Describe incomplete development relative to Insecta.
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-Dervied compared to direct development
-found in grasshopper and dragonflies among others -3 stages: egg, nymph, adult -nymph is similar to adult but lacks wings and sexual maturity -aquatic nymphs can have gills lost in adulthood -Nymphs grow and molt through stages called instars |
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Describe complete development relative to Insecta.
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-Most derived
-Found in butterflies, bees, beetles among others -4 stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult -larva grows and molts through instars -no molting adults -less competition found between each life stage |
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What are some positives from Insecta?
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Honey
Silk Pollination of crops Food source for organisms |
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What are some negatives from Insecta?
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Malaria and West Nile transmittor
Crop Pests Making galls on plants |
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Explain the use of biocontrol involing insecta.
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Farmers can use insects to control other pests or they can use nematodes to control the insects without having to use harmful chemicals like DDT
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Explain the role of insecta in parasitoidism of wasps and flies.
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Pest can also be controled by a relationship where flies and wasp lay their eggs in organisms that harbor their young until they hatch and eat the host
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What are the two new features displayed by Echinodermata, one showing up for the first time and the other its second time around?
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Deuterostome
Derived Radial Symmetry |
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Describe the transitional group called Arrow worms, Chaetognatha.
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Evolutionary position remains unclear
DNA evidence suggests with protostomes (sister taxa) BUT anus develops first from blastocoel suggesting deuterostome |
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When did the Echinodermata Phylum originate.
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During the Cambrian Period
-Cambrian Explosion |
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Echinodermata shows a derived trait not seen in anyother animal what is it and is it present throughout its whole life?
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Radial Symmetry and no larva is bilateral- that's while its classified as deuterstome
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What is the term for the symmetry of a Echinoderm?
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Pentamerous or Pentaradial symmetry
meaning having 5 divisons |
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Early Echinoderms evolved radial symmetry as an adaptaion to what lifestyle?
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Sessile
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Echinoderms lack a head but have a brain. T or F
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False they lack both
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Do Echinoderms have endo or exo skeletons?
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endoskeletons made of ossicles
some ossicles form rigid plate called test (sand dollar) |
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On the outer epidermis of most Echinodermata you will find ______.
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Calcareous spines
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Unique feature to Echinoderms is a structure called a Pedicellariae what is their function?
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Keeps the body surface clean
Sometimes aid in food capture Protection- some have poison glands |
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Another unique feature in Echinoderms and only found in Echinodermata is the water-vascular system, explain its role in these organisms.
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Derived from the coelom
Characterized by system canals and specialized tube feet Helps with locomotion, prey capture and respiration |
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What is the name for the main opening of the water-vascular system, located on the dorsal side of the organism?
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Madreporite
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Explain each of these systems relative to echinoderms.
Respiration Nervous Excretory Hemal Reproduction Digestive |
Respiration- diffusion through tube feet
Nervous- very simple nerves around mouth and legs Excretory- none Hemal- unique to Echinoderms, no role in blood circulation, possibly used for food distribution Reproduction- dioeious, externam fertilization, reorganization of bilateral larva into radial Digestion- complete, two stomachs, small dorsal anus |
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Explain the role of sea stars as keystone predators.
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They control the populations of muscles and other molluscs that could dominate and ruin a habitat if left unchecked
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Some Echinoderms have the ability to use autonomy which is what?
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abilty to detach body parts at will, sea cucumbers spew intestines out anus to distract a close predators
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