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12 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that gives off heat.
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs heat.
What are the reactions that did not proceed directly from reactions to products?
These reactions create intermediates in transition states, and the difference between energy levels of the reactants and the intermediate is the activation energy. (Catalysts) Enzymes lower the activation energy.
Free-Radical Halogenation of Alkanes
This reaction involves three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. Initiation is the formation of a halogen radical. Propagation is a chain reaction in which a product and another halogen radical are formed. The termination step, which involves two halogen radicals coming together to form a bond.
Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination
There are four types of reactions which occur when electron rich and electron deficient compounds come into contact. The first two reactions result in substitution on alkanes, whereas the second two result in elimination and therefore the formation of alkenes. Substitution and elimination have characteristic trends that help in determining which type of reaction will occur.
Sn1:
This is a two-step, unimolecular, first-order reaction. the first step involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate by the dissociation of a leaving group. The second step, invovles an attack by a nucleophile. this nucleophile becomes the substituted part. Sn1 reactions are first order: they depend only on the concentration of the substrate. The stability of the carbocation determines its reactivity.
Sn2:
This is a one-step, bimolecular, second-order reaction in which the nucleophile attacks the bond of the electronegative leaving group and there is no formation of a carbocation. Just as the leaving group dissociates, the incoming nucleophile bonds. This one-step reaction has no rate-determining step. One way to determine whether a reactant favors the sn1 or sn2 is to observe: only primary and secondary carbons will react via Sn2. Tertiary carbons will react only with Sn1.
E1:
This is a two-step, unimolecular, first-order reaction similar to the Sn1 reaction. E1's firs step is the dissociation of the leaving group, forming the carbocation. Rather than adding a nucleophile, the compound loses a proton to the nucleophile.
E2:
This is a one-step, bimolecular, second-order reaction similar to the Sn2. The E2 is a more effective elimination reaction than the E1. E2 reactions do not occur with bulky groups. No rearrangement occurs.
Sn1, Sn2, E1, and E2 chart/table
Page 176.
What is Markovnikov's Rule?
Markovnikov's rule states that the electrophilic addition of a hydrogen to a double bond will occur at the carbon that has the greatest number of hydrogens.
What are anti-markovnikov reactions?
This occurs when a nucleophile attaches itself to the lesser substituted carbon.