Organic Chemistry Chapter 3

Front 1

Hydrocarbons

Back 1

Only contain hydrogens and carbons
-Saturated hydrocarbons have carbon-carbon single bonds
-Unsaturated hydrocarbons have carbon-carbon double or triple bonds

Front 2

Classification of Carbon Atoms

Back 2

-0o carbon is attached to 0 carbons
-1o carbon is attached to 1 carbon
-2o carbon is attached to 2 carbons
-3o carbon is attached to 3 carbons
-4o carbon is attached to 4 carbons

Front 3

Classification of Hydrogen Atoms

Back 3

-0o hydrogen is attached to 0o carbon
-1o hydrogen is attached to 1o carbon
-2o hydrogen is attached to 2o carbon
-3o hydrogen is attached to 3o carbon

Front 4

Nomenclature of Alkanes -- IUPAC

Back 4

-The longest continuous carbon chain is the parent compound.
-Number from whichever end that gives the lowest possible combination of numbers for the substituents.
-Give the position of each group by number.
-Use di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, etc for identical groups.

Front 5

IUPAC –

Back 5

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Front 6

Nomenclature of Alkanes -- Common

Back 6

--n- straight chain with group on end
--sec- group on secondary carbon
--tert- group on tertiary carbon
--iso- two CH3s on CH with group on other end
--neo- one carbon with four carbons around it

Front 7

Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides -- IUPAC

Back 7

-The longest continuous carbon chain is the parent compound.
-Number from whichever end that gives the lowest possible combination of numbers for the substituents.
-Give the position of each group by number.
-Alkyl and halogens have the same priority – use bromo, chloro, iodo, or fluoro.

Front 8

Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides -- Common

Back 8

-Use common prefixes, if applicable.
-Name as alkyl halide (bromide, chloride, iodide, fluoride).

Front 9

Physical Properties and Uses of Alkanes

Back 9

-Alkanes are nonpolar.
-Alkanes are hydrophobic – do not dissolve in water.
-Alkanes are less dense than water.
-Boiling points increase with increasing molecular weight, and decrease with branching.
-Melting points increase with increasing molecular weight, and decrease with branching.

Front 10

Reactions of Alkanes

Back 10

-Combustion - an alkane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
- Cracking- A large alkane is broken into alkanes with hydrogen, heat, and a catalyst. A large alkene in broken into alkanes and alkenes with heat and a catalyst.

Front 11

Conformations =

Back 11

different arrangements of molecules formed by rotation about a single bond

Front 12

Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes

Back 12

-The ring is the parent compound, unless the acyclic portion is larger.
-Number substituents so that the lowest combination of numbers are used for the substituents.
-Use cis and trans, if applicable. Only two groups can be attached to the ring to be able to use cis and trans.
- cis – two identical groups on same side
- trans – two identical groups on opposite side

Front 13

Fused

Back 13

– two adjacent carbons are shared

Front 14

Bridged

Back 14

– two non adjacent carbons are shared

Front 15

Spirocyclic

Back 15

– one carbon is shared

Front 16

Nomenclature of Bicyclic Structures

Back 16

-The parent name contains all carbons in the ring.
-Use “bicyclo” for fused and bridgehead, use “spiro” for spirocyclic
-Brackets list numbers, in decreasing order, of number of carbons between bridgehead carbons.