Unit 2 - Module 1 (Basic Concepts And Hydrocarbons)

Front 1

Define a hydrocarbon

Back 1

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen only.

Front 2

Define a saturated hydrocarbon

Back 2

A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with single bonds only.

Front 3

Define a unsaturated hydrocarbon

Back 3

A unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds.

Front 4

Define an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Back 4

An aliphatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.

Front 5

Define an alicyclic hydrocarbon

Back 5

An alicyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.

Front 6

Define a functional group

Back 6

A functional group os the part of the organic molecules responsible for its chemical reactions.

Front 7

Define "homologous series"

Back 7

A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.

Front 8

Define an alkane

Back 8

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula: CnH2n+2.

Front 9

Define "nomenclature"

Back 9

Nomenclature is a system of naming compounds.

Front 10

Define an alkyl group

Back 10

An alkyl group is an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed.

Front 11

Define an alkene

Back 11

An alkene is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond

Front 12

Define empirical formula

Back 12

An empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

Front 13

Define molecular formula

Back 13

A molecular formula is the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Front 14

Define a general formula

Back 14

A general formula is the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

Front 15

Define a displayed formula

Back 15

A displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.

Front 16

Define a structural formula

Back 16

A structural formula shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Front 17

Define a skeletal formula

Back 17

A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

Front 18

Define structural isomers

Back 18

Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.

Front 19

Define stereoisomers

Back 19

Stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

Front 20

Define E/Z isomerism

Back 20

E/Z isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond.

Front 21

Define cis-trans isomerism

Back 21

Cis-trans isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism which there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of a C=C double bond: the cis isomer (Z isomer) has the H atoms on each carbon on the same side; the trans isomer (E isomer) has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides.

Front 22

Define homolytic fission

Back 22

Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.

Front 23

Define a radical

Back 23

A radical is a species with an unpaired electron.

Front 24

Define heterolytic fission

Back 24

Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming cation (+ ion) and an atom (-ion).

Front 25

Define a nucleophile

Back 25

A nucleophile is a reactant that attacks an electron-deficient carbon atom, donating an electron pair. Nucleophiles are often negative ions with a lone pair of electrons and a delta- partial charge.

Front 26

Define an electrophile

Back 26

An electrophiles is a reactant that attacks an area of high electron density, accepting an electron pair. Electrophiles are often positive ions with a partial delta + partial charge.

Front 27

Define "addition reaction"

Back 27

An addition reaction is a reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.

Front 28

Define an elimination reaction

Back 28

An elimination reaction refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.

Front 29

What does percentage yield do?

Back 29

Percentage yield measures the proportion of products formed in a reaction

Front 30

Define fractional distillation

Back 30

Fractional distillation is the separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.

Front 31

Define cracking

Back 31

Cracking refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes.

Front 32

Define a catalyst

Back 32

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction with our being used up in the process.

Front 33

Define petrochemicals

Back 33

A chemical obtained from petroleum and natural gas.

Front 34

Define biofuels

Back 34

A biofuel is a fuel that is derived from recently living material such as plants, or from animal waste.

Front 35

Define bioethanol

Back 35

Ethanol produced from plants such as sugar cane or corn, used as an alternative to gasoline.

Front 36

define biodiesel

Back 36

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from natural sources such as plants.

Front 37

Define mechanism

Back 37

Mechanism is a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.

Front 38

Define initiation

Back 38

Initiation is the first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation.

Front 39

Define radical substitution

Back 39

Radical substitution is a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or groups of atoms.

Front 40

Define propagation

Back 40

Propagation is the two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction.

Front 41

Define termination

Back 41

Termination is the step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.

Front 42

Define pi-bond

Back 42

A pi-bond is the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals.

Front 43

Define electrophilic addition

Back 43

Electrophilic addition is a type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Front 44

Define carbocation

Back 44

Carbonation is an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge.

Front 45

Define a curly arrow

Back 45

A curly arrow is a symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond.

Front 46

Define a polymer

Back 46

A polymer is a long molecular chain built up from monomer units.

Front 47

Define a monomer

Back 47

A monomer is a small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.

Front 48

Define addition polymerisation

Back 48

Addition polymerisation is the process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain (the addition polymer).

Front 49

Define an addition polymer

Back 49

An addition is a very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers)

Front 50

Define a repeat unit

Back 50

A repeat unit is a specific arrangement of atom that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeated units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol n.

Front 51

Define biodegradable

Back 51

Biodegradable material is a material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.

Front 52

Define a substitution reaction

Back 52

A substitution reaction is a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

Front 53

Define an electrophile

Back 53

An electrophile is an electron pair acceptor