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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Al1? Is it produced by Gm+ or Gm- bacteria? Does it inhibit Gm+ or Gm- bacteria?
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A bacterial toxin autoinducer protein. Gm+ bacteria produce it to inhibit other Gm+ organisms.
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What is homotypic coaggregation?
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Organisms of the SAME species gathering together.
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What is heterotypic coaggregation?
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Organisms of DIFFERENT species gathering together.
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What is the function of GBP (glucan binding protein)?
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It sticks to glucans and fructans. It's a colonization, virulence, and adhesion factor.
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Which organism is the first to colonize the mouth right after birth?
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Streptococcus salivarius
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Which organism is the first to colonize on the teeth?
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Streptococcus sanguis
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Where is O-MALT found?
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In tonsils, which are sites of lymphocyte proliferation, and sites of antibody production.
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What type of cell synthesizes the J-chain of IgA?
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Plasma cells
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What type of cell produces the secretory component of IgA?
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Epithelial cells
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At what age will IgA start appearing in saliva?
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1 week to 2 months
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Which organism secretes an IgA-specific protease that degrades the junctional epithelium and cleaves the hinge region on IgA and IgM.?
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Niesseria
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Explain the difference between IgA1 and IgA2
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IgA1 is predominant and effective on everything but Niesseria. IgA2 doesn't have a hinge region, so it is effective on Niesseria.
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What does HEV stand for and what are they?
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High Endothelial Venules. They are specialized endothelial cells that line capillaries of mucosal tissue.
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Which type of lymphocytes do not exhibit preferential homing or trafficking?
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Naive lymphocytes.
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What is extravasation? What type of cells do this?
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Getting in and out of blood vessels. All lymphocytes, even naive.
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How do polymerized antibodies find their way into the oral cavity?
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Poly Ig receptors
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What are defensins?
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Antimicrobial, non-specific proteins
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What are histatins?
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Antifungals found in saliva
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Are mucins immunoglobulin agglutinin?
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No, they are NIA (non-immunoglobulin agglutinin)
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Are mucins found in the fluid-phase saliva or the salivary pellicle?
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Both. MG1 is found in fluid-phase, MG2 is in both
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Is lysozyme antibacterial or antimicrobial? Why?
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Antibacterial. It degrades peptidoglycans specifically by cleaving the B1-4 linkage on NAG and NAM
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Which secreted substance is bactericidal and chelates iron?
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Lactoferrin
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_____ help maintain enamel integrity.
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Statherins. They are anti-cariogenic and combat homolactic fermentation
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Besides breaking down starches, what is the function of amylase?
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It blocks bacterial adhesion
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Salivary peroxidase and myeloperoxidase posses what property?
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Antibacterial. They inhibit bacterial metabolism.
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The percentage of Streptococcus ______ found in plaque is directly correlated to the amount of sucrose consumed.
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Mutans.
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What is among the most cariogenic of all carbs?
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Sucrose.
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T or F: the ability of S. mutans to produce glucans is a major factor due to solubility, a major virulence factor, and a reason for its cariogenic nature
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True
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Besides remineralization, what is a major beneficial function of fluoride?
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It inhibits bacterial growth by reducing phosphoenolpyruvate production and inhibiting lactic acid production
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Name one mechanism of sucrose-independent adhesion
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Type 1 pili (test answer), adhesins, coaggregation, or salivary non-Ig glycoproteins
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Prp I and II are coded by PRH-2 and may be associated with susceptibility to caries. What kind of pili do they use to adhere?
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Type 1 pili. Strep sanguis and actinomyces bind to PrPs. Some PrP variants increase risk of caries through colonization of particular gram positive organisms. Sucrose independent adhesion
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Which appears in saliva shortly after birth: IgA or IgM?
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Both
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Oral IgA and IgM are ____
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Polymerized
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What is the most common immunodeficiency? Most are asymptomatic, but what 3 symptoms are common in those that exhibit symptoms?
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IgA. Giardiasis, rhinitis, and sinusitis.
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What is the risk associated with using whole, live strep organisms in a vaccine?
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Rheumatic fever. Instead we use conjugate vaccines.
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Which bacteria is the best colonizer of the mucosa?
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Strep salivarius
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Which bacteria is the best colonizer of the tooth?
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Strep sanguis
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Proline rich proteins are responsible for an increase or decrease in caries?
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Increase
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Is Actinomyces viscosus Gm+ or Gm-?
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+. Also know that it adheres to PRPs through type 1 fimbrae (sucrose independent adhesion)
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Lipids in plaque are derived from the phospholipids of Gm+ or Gm- bacteria? Which ions do they have an affinity for?
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Gm-. Ca+2 and PO4 -3.
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Which type of plaque consists of more Gm+ organisms?
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Supragingival
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Which type of plaque consists of more Gm- organisms?
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Subgingival
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Unlike bacterial and viral infections, parasitic infections are often ____
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Chronic
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Which single-celled organisms are responsible for 80-90% of all parasitic infections?
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Protozoa
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Which 3 single celled parasites are considered true oral parasites?
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Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba gingivalis, and Trichomonas tenax
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How is E. histolytica transmitted and what is DOC?
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Fecal-oral, DOC is metronidazole
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How is E. gingivalis transmitted and what is DOC?
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Oral-oral, no DOC. Associated with periodontitis
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The first step in the life cycle of entamoeba is ingestion of ____
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Infective cysts
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Which organism is found in the GU tract and has a DOC of metronidazole?
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Which type of protozoa causes most parasitic infections in the US?
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Trichomonas
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T or F: Malaria is caused by obligate intracellular parasites
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True
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Which insect (gender also) delivers the plasmodium sporozoite to humans?
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Female anopheles mosquito
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Which disease has symptoms of anemia and pallor of oral mucosa, and a DOC of Chloroquine?
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Malaria
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What is a common reservoir of Toxoplasma gondii?
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Cats
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What is the most common helminthic infection worldwide?
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Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
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What's the fancy name for pinworms?
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Symptoms of helminth infection include...?
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Pallor, iron deficiency anemia
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How many species of bacteria make up the normal oral flora?
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500
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Which disease is caused by antibodies to your adrenal glands characterized by skin and mucosa pigmentation?
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Addison's
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Sjogren's syndrome is a salivary gland enlargement caused by antibodies to...?
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Nucleolar mitochondria
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What disease is caused by antibodies to collagen, DNA topoisomerase, and centromeres?
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Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
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Which autoimmune disease is characterized by immune complex formation in skin, kidneys, and joints?
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Lupus
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In Lichen Planus, a local insult results in a ___-cell activation.
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T. And there is a small chance of a squamous cell carcinoma
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Most of the 23 forms of Epidermolysis bullosa are hereditary, name one that isn't.
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Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
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Epidermolysis bullosa is caused by antibodies to...?
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Type VII procollagen
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Linear IgA is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies to...?
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Basement membrane
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The disease desquamative gingivitis is a type of autoimmune known as what?
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Pemphigoid.
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A group of relatively common autoimmune diseases known as Pemphigoid are characterized by autoantibodies to what?
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The basement membrane antigens of stratified squamous epithelium
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Which rare autoimmune disease features lesions on skin and oral mucosa and autoantibodies to IgG and desmoglein-3 (desmosomes of stratified squamous epithelium)?
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Pemphigus. Also note it may be fatal.
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What are the 3 mechanisms of loss of self tolerance?
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Molecular modification, molecular mimicry, and emergence of sequestered antigens
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Which mechanism of loss of self tolerance is caused by an external agent modifying self antigen? Give an example.
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Molecular modification. Example is drug-induced hemolytic anemia.
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Which mechanism of loss of self tolerance is caused by foreign antigens sharing structural similarity with self determinants? Give an example.
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Molecular mimicry. Example is rheumatic fever.
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Give an example of emergence of sequestered antigens and describe how it occurs.
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Sympathetic ophthalmia. Trauma to the eye releases eye antigens that normally expressed only intra-ocularly. These antigens are carried to lymph nodes, where anti-eye antigen T-cells are activated. These T-cells return to the eyes and attack them.
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T or F: Virtually all autoimmune reactions are B-dependent
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False. T-dependent
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Are autoimmune disorders more common in men or women?
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Women
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Are most autoimmune diseases associated with class I or class II MHC alleles?
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Class II. Few are associated with a single class 1 MHC allele.
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Give an example of class II MHC alleles associated with type-1 diabetes
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HLA-DR3 and 4
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Give an example of a class I MHC allele associated with ankylosing spondylitis
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HLA B27
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Protection against type-1 diabetes is conferred by which amino acid at residue #__ in the DQBeta-chain?
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Aspartate at residue 57. Absence of this aspartate indicates susceptibility to type-1 diabetes.
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Which pathogen causes Rheumatic fever?
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Strep pyogenes
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Name one pathogen that causes type-1 diabetes via molecular mimicry
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Coxsackie B (asterisk in ppt), rotavirus, herpes, hepC, rhino-, hanta retroviral
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Which 3 types of antigens are involved in autoimmunity? Give an example of each.
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Membrane (TSH receptor in thyroid disease), intracellular (nuclear antigens in lupus), and secretions (insulin in diabetes).
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Which HYPERthyroid autoimmune disease is caused by an antibody stimulating the TSH receptor without the hormone present?
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Grave's disease
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Which HYPOthyroid autoimmune disease is caused by antibodies to thyroid peroxidase?
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies to intrinsic factor, leading to a vitamin B12 deficiency?
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Pernicious anemia
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Which autoantibodies are responsible for myasthenia gravis?
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Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. They prevent the binding of neurotransmitter to receptor and inhibit muscle activation.
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Which autoantibodies are responsible for rheumatoid arthritis?
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IgM anti-IgG, anti-citrulline (those first 2 are red in ppt), anti-collagen, and anti-ssDNA
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