Oral Histology Exam 2 (Final)

Front 1

Name the four stages of tooth eruption?

Back 1

1. Pre-eruptive phase
2. Pre-functional eruptive
3. Functional eruptive
4. Passive eruption

Front 2

Begins at root formation;ends at occlusion. Primary teeth complete root formation by 3 years

Back 2

Prefunctional eruption

Front 3

Name the 4 major events of the the pre-functional eruptive phase.

Back 3

1. root formation
2. eruptive movement
3. penetration
4. occlusion

Front 4

Secondary teeth erupt through ___ ____, small holes through their bony compartment directed toward the oral cavity.

Back 4

gubernacular canals

Front 5

Gubernacular canals may be remnants of ___ ____ on lingual side of primary teeth

Back 5

dental lamina

Front 6

Contractile movement of what cells creates a heave-ho movement of the PDL to hoist the tooth up into the oral cavity?

Back 6

fibroblast cells

Front 7

Cuticles that cover the crown are secreted by what cells?

Back 7

ameloblasts

Front 8

Fused REE and oral epithelium produce what two structures of the gingiva?

Back 8

junctional and sulcular epithelium

Front 9

Secondary teeth cause resorption of ___ ____ root of primary tooth.

Back 9

apical lingual

Front 10

Pressure on root stimulates _____ activity

Back 10

odontoclast

Front 11

Secondary molar cause resorption of ____ _____ of primary molar

Back 11

interradicular root

Front 12

Ankylosis is a condition when cementum fuses with what?

Back 12

alveolar bone

Front 13

PDL anchors tooth to what?

Back 13

alveolar bone, neighbor teeth, and gingiva

Front 14

Bacterial action will result in loss of tooth when what breaks down?

Back 14

PDL

Front 15

PDL reduces what on bone during function?

Back 15

stress

Front 16

Which PDL fiber group develops first from dental sac?

Back 16

Alveolar crest fiber group

Front 17

Successive fiber groups of the PDL are added to what location after the alveolar crest fiber group?

Back 17

apically

Front 18

As the tooth erupts into the oral cavity, ____ fibers are added.

Back 18

gingival

Front 19

The fibers most abundant in the interstial connective tissue of the PDL are?

Back 19

large (principal) fibers

Front 20

What type of collagen make up the PDL?

Back 20

Type I

Front 21

Areas of loose CT and found between PDL fiber bundles.

Back 21

interstitial areas

Front 22

What cells produce PDL fibers?

Back 22

fibroblasts

Front 23

What fibers insert into cementum and bundle bone?

Back 23

Sharpey's fibers

Front 24

T/F: Intrinsic fibers of cementum and bone are smaller than PDL fibers and run perpendicular to PDL fibers.

Back 24

True

Front 25

These fibers extend from most cervical cementum into LP of gingiva. may extend over alveolar crest into LP of attached gingiva and into periosteum of cortical plates.

Back 25

Gingival fibers

Front 26

Name the two subtypes of gingival group?

Back 26

free and attached gingival fibers

Front 27

These fibers originate in most cervical cementum, extend horizontally around and parallel to root, majority of fibers insert into LP of gingiva but a few may insert into the alveolar crest.

Back 27

circumferential fibers

Front 28

These fibers extend from cementum of one tooth, over the top of interdental septum, into cementum of adjacent tooth.

Back 28

transeptal fibers

Front 29

Name the fibers of the dentoalveolar fiber group.

Back 29

1. alveolar crest fibers
2. horizontal fibers
3. oblique fibers
4. PA fibers
5. interradicular fibers

Front 30

These DA fibers extend from cementum in an apically slanted direction to insert into alveolar crest.

Back 30

Alveolar crest fibers

Front 31

These fibers extend horizontally from cementum of cervical third of root toward alveolar bone.

Back 31

Horizontal fibers

Front 32

These fibers extend from cementum of apical 2/3 of root in occlusally slanted direction toward alveolar bone.

Back 32

Oblique fibers

Front 33

These fibers extend in radiating fashion from cementum of root apex toward alveolar bone.

Back 33

Periapical fibers

Front 34

These fibers extend from cementum in base of root bifurcation to crest of interradicular septum.

Back 34

Interradicular fibers

Front 35

Tooth pulp, PDL, and alveolar bone all share a common what?

Back 35

Blood supply

Front 36

Blood vessels of PDL lie in ____ areas closer to alveolar bone than cementum.

Back 36

interstitial

Front 37

What type of tissue is the REE?

Back 37

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 38

During the period of tooth eruption, the REE is separated from the enamel surface by what?

Back 38

basal lamina

Front 39

Basal lamina is continuous at the tooth ____ with basal lamina separating the outer epithelial cells from the surrounding CT.

Back 39

cervix

Front 40

How does the REE assist in eruption?

Back 40

REE assists in eruption by producing enzymes that break down CT between REE and oral epithelium.

Front 41

The two basal laminae fuse as tooth approaches the oral epithelium followed by fusion of the two ______ layers.

Back 41

epithelial

Front 42

As the tooth emerges, at the functional occlusion strip, the REE covers ____ enamel

Back 42

cervical

Front 43

Initial junctional epithelium is made of what?

Back 43

REE fused w/oral epithelium

Front 44

After functional occlusion, what layers of fused epithelium proliferate and replace older cells of REE including ameloblasts.

Back 44

basal layer

Front 45

The definitive junctional epithelium is composed of what?

Back 45

Newly formed cells from basal layers of fused epithelium

Front 46

What separates new junctional epithelial cells from tooth surface.

Back 46

basal lamina

Front 47

The DGJ is an extention of what?

Back 47

gingiva

Front 48

Gingival epithelium facing tooth = dentinogingival epithelium (DGE)is what type of tissue?

Back 48

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 49

Located occlusally at level of free gingiva, separated from tooth surface by sulcus O.5mm deep; floor of sulcus at level of free gingival groove on keratinized surface of gingiva.

Back 49

Sulcular epithelium

Front 50

Located cervically; adherent to tooth. Hemidesmosomes connect epithelium and basal lamina deposited on enamel surface

Back 50

Junctional epithelium

Front 51

What connect epithelium and basal lamina deposited on enamel surface.

Back 51

Hemidesmosomes

Front 52

The basal lamina of DGJ is on which sides of the junctional epithelium?

Back 52

both sides

Front 53

Cell renewal occurs in basal layer of epithelium facing where?

Back 53

underlying CT

Front 54

Name some of the factors which are involved in the init and progress of gingivitis:

Back 54

Age, race, sex, medical conditions, poor oral hygiene, smoking, stress, etc.

Front 55

What characterizes periodontitis?

Back 55

deep pocket depth and alveolar bone loss

Front 56

The junction between epithelium and LP is ____ _____ – includes layer of CT

Back 56

basement membrane

Front 57

What cells secrete lamina lucida layer of basal lamina?

Back 57

epithelial cells

Front 58

Lamina lucida contains glycoproteins including ____.

Back 58

laminin

Front 59

Lamina densa is composed of what collagen fibers.

Back 59

Fine type IV (4)

Front 60

Epithelial cells adhere to lamina lucida via what two structures?

Back 60

hemidesmosomes and anchoring filaments

Front 61

Type VII collagen fibers from upper region of LP (papillary layer) insert up into lamina densa as what?

Back 61

anchoring fibrils

Front 62

Anchoring fibrils are composed of what type of collagen fibers?

Back 62

type VII (7)

Front 63

What type of collagen of LP anchors it to the lamina densa?

Back 63

type I collagen

Front 64

Epithelial layer invaginates into LP as what?

Back 64

Rete pegs

Front 65

The CT that supports oral epithelium is what?

Back 65

Lamina Propria (LP)

Front 66

Layer within CT papillae is what layer of LP?

Back 66

papillary

Front 67

Deeper ____ layer is a mesh-like arrangement of larger collagen fibers, merges LP with underlying structures.

Back 67

reticular

Front 68

T/F: Collagen fibers in upper papillary region are thicker and more tightly arranged around a series of venule loops.

Back 68

False!!! collagen fibers in upper papillary region are thinner and more loosely arranged around a series of capillary loops

Front 69

Dense capillary network of the oral mucosa are within ___ _____.

Back 69

CT papillae

Front 70

Darker pink color of oral mucosa indicates what?

Back 70

Number of capillary loops in papillae is greater than in skin

Front 71

Blood flow in oral mucosa is greatest in what?

Back 71

The gingiva

Front 72

The blood supply of the oral mucosa differs from the skin, how?

Back 72

Unlike the skin, there are no arteriovenous shunts

Front 73

There are numerous ___ between arterioles and capillaries.

Back 73

anastomoses

Front 74

The vast amount of anastomoses in the oral mucosa serve what function?

Back 74

Contributes to rapid healing of oral mucosa in response to injury.

Front 75

Name the 3 types of oral mucosa.

Back 75

Lining- nonkeratinized, masticatory -keratinized, specialized -dorsal of tongue

Front 76

What type of mucosa are in lips, cheeks, soft palate, ventral tongue; it's soft, pliable, nonkeratinized. Few CT papillae; papillae are short and broad, compressible/moveable, and submucosa holds mucosa to muscle.

Back 76

Lining mucosa

Front 77

Keratinocytes increase in ___ as they approach surface.

Back 77

size

Front 78

What push remaining cytoplasmic components to periphery in lining mucosa?

Back 78

fluid filled sacs or vacuoles

Front 79

Lining mucosa has what appearance?

Back 79

frothy

Front 80

What type of mucosa line the gingiva and hard palate, keratinized; its thickness indicative of cell attrition.

Back 80

Masticatory mucosa

Front 81

CT papillae of masticatory mucosa are ___ and ___, projecting deep into epithelium. (rete pegs)

Back 81

tall and thin

Front 82

Name the two types of masticatory mucosa.

Back 82

orthokeratinized SSE and parakeratinized SSE

Front 83

"Typical keratinized" stratified squamous

Back 83

orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 84

Masticatory mucosa - common only in region of non-attached free gingiva.

Back 84

parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 85

Name the four layers common oral epithelium found in orthokertatinized SSE?

Back 85

1. Stratum corneum
2. S. granulosum
3. S. spinosum
4. S. basale

Front 86

Cells of outermost keratinized surface form principle barrier. Composed of flattened squames. Cells of this layer are dead, do not have nucleus, intercellular spaces filled with lipid, and thickness dependent on amount of mechanical stress.

Back 86

S. corneum

Front 87

2-4 cells deep
Layer filled with dark staining keratohyalin granules, chemical precursor to keratin.

Back 87

S. granulosum

Front 88

In this masticatory epithelium, keratinization occurs with less destruction of cell organelles, stratum granulosum and corneum not apparent. Small keratohyalin granules may be seen in cells closest to keratinized layer
cells of keratinized layer. They retain their nuclei which appear shrunken and degenerated (pyknotic).

Back 88

Parakeritinized SSE

Front 89

What mucosa are on dorsal tongue. Lingual papillae
LP forms core of papillae
epithelium forming surface of the papillae; exhibits various degrees of keratinization w/no submucosa, and the mucosa attached to underlying muscle making it relatively immovable.

Back 89

specialized mucosa

Front 90

Some papillae of specialized mucosa has what functions?

Back 90

mechanical and taste

Front 91

Specialized mucosa is covered by what type of SSE?

Back 91

By keratinized or nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Front 92

List the type of specialized mucosa papillae?

Back 92

filiform, fungiform, circumvallate

Front 93

What papillae are found in the tip of the tongue?

Back 93

filiform

Front 94

What pipillae line the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Back 94

fungiform papillae

Front 95

What papillae are most posterior?

Back 95

circumvallate papillae

Front 96

Ventral side of the tongue is covered by what mucosa?

Back 96

lining

Front 97

Most common type found covering anterior 2/3's (palatine portion) of tongue. Cone-shaped structures, keratinized to varying degrees. Has mechanical functions such as licking semi-solid foods; papillae contain sensory nerve endings sensitive to touch; ONLY papillae WITHOUT taste buds.

Back 97

filiform

Front 98

Less common and mushroom-shaped, more numerous in younger individuals - appear as reddish dots among filiform papillae, very thin layer of keratinization allow blood vessels to show giving reddish coloration with age, keratinization thickens and harder to see. Taste buds are embedded in apical regions: SWEET, SALTY, SOUR.

Back 98

fungiform papilla

Front 99

Largest of lingual papillae
surrounded by moat-like space. 12 papillae arranged anterior to the V-shaped sulcus terminalis.

Back 99

circumvallate papilla

Front 100

What gland secretes into the circumvallate?

Back 100

Glands of von Ebner

Front 101

What type of secretion comes from gland of von Ebner?

Back 101

Produce serous fluid to "flush" bitter stimuli from trough where taste buds are located

Front 102

Name the 3 cell types in the taste buds.

Back 102

1) Taste (receptor) cells
2) Supporting cells
3) Basal cells

Front 103

Taste bud contact oral cavity via?

Back 103

taste pores

Front 104

Acts to protect taste cells from digestion by salivary enzymes

Back 104

Taste pore substance

Front 105

T/F: taste bud sensory cells are not neurons.

Back 105

True. Taste cells transfer signal to nerve endings in contact with their base

Front 106

Taste nerve fibers come from what main nerves?

Back 106

Geniculate, petrosal, and nodose ganglia

Front 107

What causes 85% of all head and neck cancer?

Back 107

Tobacco/ chewing tobacco

Front 108

59% is the five year survival rate for what cancer?

Back 108

oral cavity/ pharynx cancer

Front 109

Users of what substances are at greatest risk for developing cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx?

Back 109

tobacco and alcohol

Front 110

Head and neck cancer is most common in?

Back 110

men and people over age 50.

Front 111

The number one area of oral cancer dev is where?

Back 111

ventral lining of the tongue

Front 112

Most common oral cancer is?

Back 112

squamous cell carcinoma

Front 113

Name some of the function of saliva:

Back 113

Protection, Buffering, Digestion, Taste, Antimicrobial, Maintenance, Tissue Repair.

Front 114

Salivary gland: secretory units and ducts comprise what?

Back 114

parenchyma

Front 115

What constitutes the stroma?

Back 115

CT

Front 116

Interlobar septum divides two lobes, interlobular septum divides two ___.

Back 116

lobules

Front 117

___ ducts lie within lobules

Back 117

Intralobular

Front 118

____ ducts lie within the septae

Back 118

Interlobular

Front 119

Both interacalated and striated ducts are what?

Back 119

intralobular ducts

Front 120

T/F: Salivary glands are endocrine glands.

Back 120

False: exocrine glands

Front 121

Secretory unit of salivary gland is structurally arranged as ___ (alveolus - a berry-like aggregation of cells), tubule or mixture of both – tubuloalveolar.

Back 121

acinus

Front 122

Pyramidal cell with wide base; basal region stains basophilic due to the abundance of synthetic RER. Has large spherical nucleus at base.

Back 122

serous cells

Front 123

Serous cells' apical region stains eosinophilic due to presence of ____ ____(enzymatic protein)

Back 123

zymogen granules

Front 124

Well defined intercellular space (canaliculus) between cells terminates with classical junctional complex (tight junction, occluding junction and desmosome). Walls of ____ are lined by microvilli extending from adjacent cell membranes

Back 124

canaliculi

Front 125

Secrete proteinaceous mucus, smaller enzymatic component. Oroteins linked to CHO forming mucins; pyramidal with flattened, basally-located nucleus; apical portion of cell appears pale and foamy when fixed; dissolution of CHO produces lack of staining

Back 125

mucous cells

Front 126

Ultrastructurally, mucin secretory cells contain more prominent ___ complexes reflecting increased CHO metabolism

Back 126

Golgi

Front 127

Mucous cell canaliculi also lead to serous ____.

Back 127

denilunes

Front 128

On acini and initial portion of ductwork - Intercalated ducts between secretory cell and its basement membrane, one cell per secretory acinus, octopus-like with 4 to 8 processes

Back 128

myoepithelial cell

Front 129

____ attach myoepithelial cell to secretory cells

Back 129

Desmosomes attach myoepithelial cell to secretory cells

Front 130

Cell body and processes of myoepithelial cells contain ____ (myofilaments)
capable of eliciting contractility of processes

Back 130

microfilaments

Front 131

What are the functions of contraction of myoepithelial cells?

Back 131

support and squeeze

Front 132

Intercalated ducts lead to what ducts?

Back 132

striated ducts

Front 133

What ducts are named for basal infoldings of columnar lining cells.

Back 133

striated ducts

Front 134

Ionic composition of saliva is modified along intercalated (add bicarbonate) and striated ducts (remove more sodium and secrete less potassium). The result is what kind of saliva?

Back 134

making saliva hypotonic

Front 135

Striated ducts lead to?

Back 135

interlobular ducts

Front 136

1. labial glands (bumps on oral side of lower lip)
2. anterior lingual glands (secrete onto ventral surface of tongue)
3. buccal glands predominantly mucous
4. sublingual glands predominantly mucous

Back 136

seromucous glands

Front 137

1. palatine glands (line 2/3 posterior hard palate and soft palate)
2. glossopalatine glands
3. posterior lingual glands

Back 137

Purely Mucous Glands

Front 138

Which major salivary gland is entirely serous, many prominent intralobular ducts
?

Back 138

parotid gland

Front 139

Mixed gland with serous predominating.
Majority of mucus secretory units, are capped with serous demilunes.

Back 139

submandibular gland

Front 140

Mixed with mucous predominating, majority being capped by serous demilunes.

Back 140

sublingual glands

Front 141

Fordice spots has what type of gland secretion?

Back 141

sebacceous glands

Front 142

Which tonsil has mucous glands secrete into crypts to keep free of debris?

Back 142

Lingual tonsil

Front 143

Which tonsil have mucous glands but do not open into crypts; debris collects and predispose them to infection (tonsillitis)

Back 143

Palatine tonsil

Front 144

Becomes enlarged it can obstruct breathing; No crypts!

Back 144

Pharyngeal Tonsil

Front 145

Mucoceles are caused by damage to the __ ___.

Back 145

gland duct

Front 146

What kind of joint is the TMJ?

Back 146

synovial, ginglymoarthrodial joint

Front 147

The TMJ is an articulation between mandibular condyles and what?

Back 147

temporomandibular (glenoid) fossa

Front 148

What type of joint has gliding and hinge motions?

Back 148

ginglymoarthrodial joint

Front 149

Name the 3 components of the TMJ:

Back 149

1. condylar head
2. TM (glenoid) fossa
3. Articular eminence

Front 150

The TMJ is supported laterally by what ligament?

Back 150

lateral temporo-mandibular ligament

Front 151

The TMJ is supported posteriorly by what ligament?

Back 151

stylomandibular ligament

Front 152

The lateral temporo-mandibular ligament attaches where?

Back 152

zygomatic arch to neck of mandible

Front 153

The stylomandibular ligament attaches where?

Back 153

styloid process to posterior border of ramus of mandible

Front 154

TMJ is supported anteriorly by what structures?

Back 154

capsule and lateral pterygoid muscle

Front 155

TMJ is supported medially by what?

Back 155

sphenomandibular ligament

Front 156

Bone growth of the condyle is by what?

Back 156

endochondral ossicification

Front 157

condyle head is initially covered by ____ which is replaced by bone by same process as epiphyseal plate.

Back 157

cartilage

Front 158

Name the outermost layer to innermost layers of the growing condyle.

Back 158

reserve layer, proliferative zone, hypertrophic zone, calcifying zone, bone

Front 159

Cartilage in the condyle persists until about when in life?

Back 159

End of second decade when all cartilage is replaced by bone

Front 160

Mature covering of condylar head is ___ ___ ___.

Back 160

fibrous connective tissue

Front 161

What is formed anteriorly by articular eminence and posteriorly by depression in temporal bone.

Back 161

Temporomandibular Fossa

Front 162

Elastic fibers attach posterior portion of articular disk to what structure.

Back 162

petrotympanic fissure

Front 163

Joint divided into two cavities by what?

Back 163

articular disk

Front 164

What cavity allows condyle to glide anteriorly and posteriorly.

Back 164

Upper synovial cavity

Front 165

Lower synovial cavity allows condyle to rotate in what directions?

Back 165

Around axis placed through condyles

Front 166

The articular disk is made of what?

Back 166

Dense connective tissue. Type I collagen is loosely arranged except at center where it forms tight bundles. Disk has thin, avascular center and thicker; vascular edges

Front 167

Anteriorly, the upper lamella of the articular disk attaches to what?

Back 167

capsule and periosteum of articular eminence

Front 168

Anteriorly, the lower lamella of the articular disk attaches to what?

Back 168

periosteum of condylar neck

Front 169

Posteriorly, the upper lamella of the articular disk attaches to what?

Back 169

(fibrous and elastic) fuses with capsule which inserts into squamotypanic fissure

Front 170

Posteriorly, the lower lamella of the articular disk attaches to what?

Back 170

(collagen) attaches to periosteum of condylar neck

Front 171

Medially and Laterally, the articular disk attached to what?

Back 171

condyle

Front 172

Disk and capsule are lined by what membrane?

Back 172

by synovial membrane

Front 173

Name the layers of the synovial membrane.

Back 173

intima and subintima

Front 174

What synovial membrane layer has: (phagocytic and secretory synovial cells (no basement membrane or junctions)

Back 174

cellular intima

Front 175

What synovial membrane layer has loose CT with blood vessels, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells; and fat cells

Back 175

vascular subintima

Front 176

Viscous distillate of blood plasma with added protein and mucin to provide liquid environment for joint surfaces and lubrication to reduce friction

Back 176

synovial fluid

Front 177

Name the four arteries that supply the TMJ.

Back 177

Superficial temporal a. (branch)
Deep auricular a.
Anterior tympanic a.
Ascending pharyngeal a

Front 178

Name the trigem divisions that innervate the TMJ.

Back 178

auriculotemporal n.
masseteric n.
deep temporal n.

Front 179

“nerves that supply a joint also supply muscles that act on the joint”

Back 179

Hilton’s Law

Front 180

Name the four muscles of mastication.

Back 180

temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
masseter

Front 181

Forms pterygomasseteric sling (elevates jaw, clench teeth)

Back 181

medial ptyergoid

Front 182

Muscle that allows vertical movement of jaw.

Back 182

masseter

Front 183

Muscle: elevate jaw, retract mandible, clench teeth.

Back 183

temporalis

Front 184

Muscle: protrude mandible, pull disk forward, protraction

Back 184

lateral ptyerygoid

Front 185

What type of tissue is located behind the articular disc?

Back 185

retrodistal tissue

Front 186

Mandibular dislocation occurs when what happens?

Back 186

Condyle moves more anterior under the articular eminence

Front 187

Clicking of the TMJ can be caused by (usually).

Back 187

Displacement of the articular disc