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310 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Increased Scleral Show

Micropthalmos

Bilateral Exopthalmos Increased Scleral Show - Stressed Look

proptosis

Ankyloblepharon

Ankyloblepharon

Eyelid Agenesis

Dermoid

Trichiasis

Distichiasis

Ectopic Cilia

Ectopic Cilia with Concurrent Corneal Ulcer

Pigmentary Keratitis

Nasal Trichiasis

Entropion

Ectropion

Combined Entropion-Ectropion

Entropion

Blepharitis

Chalazion

Multifocal Granulomas - Blepharitis

Conjunctivitis with Mucopurulent Discharge

Chemosis

Epiphora

Conjunctival Hyperemia

Scleral Hyperemia

Conjunctival Emphysema

Conunctival Hemorrhage

Conunctival Tissue Proliferation - Swelling/Mass



Conjunctival Tissue Proliferation - Follicle Formation

Symblepharon

Symblepharon

Corneal Sequestrum

Dendritic Corneal Lesions - Branching Ulcers or Erosions

Follicles in Abnormal Location - Anterior Surface of Third Eyelid

KCS

KCS

Nictitans Gland Prolapse

Nictitans Gland Prolapse

Nictitans Elevation

Scrolled Cartilage

KCS

Superficial Vessels (Trees) on Cornea

Deep Vessels (Hedge) on Cornea

Superficial Vessels (Trees) on Cornea

Deep Vessels (Hedges) on Cornea

Corneal Edema

Corneal Edema

Corneal Malacia

Corneal Scar Tissue

Corneal Scar Tissue

Corneal Lipid/Mineral Deposition

Corneal Lipid/Mineral Deposition

Corneal Lipid Dystrophy

Corneal Pigment (Pigmentary Keratitis?)

Corneal Rupture with Pigment

Corneal Pigment (Cat Sequestrum?)

Keratic Precipitates

Corneal Cellular Infiltrates

Chronic Superficial Keratitis - Pannus

Chronic Superficial Keratitis - Pannus

Dermoid = Choristoma

Dysautonomia

Indolent Ulcer

Indolent Ulcer

Stromal Ulcer

Stromal Ulcer

Melting (Deep) Corneal Ulcer

Melting (Deep) Corneal Ulcer

Desmetocele

Desmetocele

Positive Seidel Test

Conjunctival Graft

Scleral Coloboma

Nodular Granulomatous (NGE)

Nodular Granulomatous (NGE)

Corneal Y Sutures

Cataract with Vacuoles (Diabetic)

Nuclear Sclerosis

Nuclear Sclerosis

Microphakia

Lenticonus

PHPV or PHTVL

Incipient Cataract

Immature Cataract

Mature Cataract

Hypermature Cataract

Morganian Cataract

Miosis

Mydriasis

Heterochromia Iridis

Heterochromia Iridum

Heterochromia Iridis

Iris Coloboma

Persistent Pupillary Membrane (PPM)

Dyscoria (Improper formation of the iris)

Corectopia

Aniridia - absence of the iris

Polycoria - more than one pupillary opening in the iris

Iris Atrophy

Iris Atrophy

Melanocytoma (Uveal Cyst)

Iris Melanoma

Ciliary Body Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma

Anterior Tract Uveitis due to Lymphosarc

Uveitis

Uveitis

Aqueous Flare

Anterior Uveitis

Retinal Detachment (Ballooned around optic N)

Enopthalmitis

Panopthalmitis

Liquid Aqueous (d/t hyperlipidemia)

Glaucoma

Episcleritis

Episceral Hyperemia

Cupping of Optic N. (Glaucoma)

Open Iridiocorneal Angle

Closed Iridocorneal Angle

Glaucoma

Enucleation

Pthisis Bulbi

Blue Eyed Dog: Pigmented Choroid, Lack of Tapetum, Retinal Vessels, Choroidal Vessels, and Scleral Show through Choroid

1. Tapetum Lucidum


2. Choroidal Vessels


3. Retinal Vessels

Normal Variations of Pigmentation in Choroid

1. Sclera


2. Choroid


3. Tapetum


4. Retina

Normal Dog: Vessels Anastamose

8-12wk Puppy with Blue Tapetum

Normal Cat: Vessels to edge of Optic N. and stop

Horse: Oval optic N, Tiny retinal vessels across optic N, No vessels across tapetum

Horse Fundus Pattern

Paurangiotic vascular pattern

Cat/Dog fundus pattern

Holangiotic Pattern

Cow

Pig

Tapetal Hyporeflectivity


*Addition of something

Tapetal Hypereflectivity


*Subtraction of something

Retinal Detachment (Hypereflective)

Focal Tapetal Hypereflectivity: Healed chorioretinitis lesions

Retinal Folds (Dysplasia): Hyporeflective

Retinal Detachment (Hyporeflective)

Retinal Detachment (small): Hyporeflective

Retinal Hemorrhages (Hyporeflective)

Pre-Retinal Hemorrhage

Superficial Intraretinal Hemorrhage

Deep Intraretinal Hemorrhage

Subretinal Hemorrhage

Retinal Detachment

Retinal Detachment

Retinal Dysplasia

Collie Eye Anomaly

Retinal Degeneration/Atrophy

Focal Retinal Degeneration (Taurine Deficiency)

Active Chorioretinitis

Distemper: Gold Medallion Lesions;




Can go from a hyporeflectivemedallion to goldmedallion lesions (shows they had distemper at some time)

Inactive Chorioretinitis

Fundic Neoplasia

Optic Nerve Coloboma (part of Collie Eye Anomaly)

Appearance of Optic N with Glaucoma

Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Papilledema (swelling of Optic N)

Optic Neuritis

Persistent Hyaloid (PHPV/PHTVL)

Asteroid Hyalosis (Vitreous Degeneration);


Ca + P + Lipid

Normal Horse Eye

Keratomalacia

Keratomalacia

Corneal Ulcer with Farrow Ring

Equine Stromal Abscess

Equine Ocular SCC

Normal Pig Fundus

Sheep

Esotropia

Exophtalmos caused by Lymphosarcoma

Entropion

Pinkeye

Pinkeye

Corneal Ulcer with Cellular Infiltrate, Ciliary Flush, and maybe Malacia

Perforation - Iris Prolapse

Corneal Scar

Camelid

Llama

What structures are contained within the intraconal space?

connective tissue, extraocular muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, smooth muscle

What is the endorbita/periorbita?

fibrous connective tissue, next to bone of orbital wall that encircles the extraocular muscles - is the boundary between the intraconal/extraconal spaces

Name the extraocular muscles?

superior oblique, dorsal rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, ventral rectus, retractor bulbi, lateral rectus

exophthalmos

globe is too rostral

enophthalmos

globe is too caudal

proptosis

equator of globe anterior to palpebral fissure

T/F: A dog with an orbital abscess is painful on opening the mouth.

True

T/F: A dog with masticatory muscle myositis is painful on opening the mouth.

True

How can you differentiate between masticatory muscle myositis and extraocular muscle myositis?

MMM - painful, elevated 3rd eyelid, facial muscle inflammation; EMM - non-painful, no elevation of 3rd eyelid, scleral show, common in Goldens

T/F: Orbital neoplasia is usually benign in cats and dogs.

False

Positive prognostic indicators for proptosis?

positive consenual PLR, voluntary movement of globe, +/- pupil size -- miosis means parasympathetic innervation intact

Negative prognostic indicators for proptosis?

transected optic nerve, chronic proptosis (>48 hrs), hyphema (indicates scleral rupture, severe uveal trauma), corneo-scleral laceration, rupture of >3 extraocular muscles, doliocephalic or cat, complete bony orbit (cows/horses)

How long should you leave in a tarsorrhaphy for proptosis?

2-3wks

Proptosis replacement complications?

lagophthalmos (unable to fully close lids), KCS, strabismus, blindness, phthisis bulbi (due to uveitis)

enucleation

removal of globe only

exenteration

removal of globe + orbital contents

evisceration

removal of intraocular contents only

Functions of eyelids

protection, tear film (production, distribution, drainage), oxygen exchange (conjunctiva)

ankyloblepharon

delayed/incomplete eyelid opening -- normal is 10-15 days of age

Etiology of ankyloblepharon

dogs - staph spp., cats - chlamydophila or FHV-1

Eyelid coloboma

partial palpebral fissue absence

Consequences of eyelid coloboma

inability to blink normally, exposure keratitis, conjuctivitis, other congenital ocular diseases

Breeds commonly affected by dermoids

ST. bernard, GSD, Dalmation

trichiasis

normal hair (on face or eyelid) that contacts the cornea -- causes mild irritation or pigmentation; common in soft-coated breeds

distichiasis

hair that originates in the Meibomian gland -- grows through the duct of the gland and contacts the cornea (common in Cockers)

Ectopic cilia

follicle is within Meibomian gland & growth occurs through the palpebral conjunctiva (usually causes an ulcer or significant pain & ocular irritation)

What are the components of brachycephalic ocular syndrome?

macropalpebral fissures + medial trichiasis + medial lower lid entropion + pigmentary keratitis

most common eyelid tumor in dog

benign adenoma

most common eyelid tumor in cat

SCC

most common eyelid tumor in horses

SCC, Sarcoid

most common eyelid tumor in cattle

SCC

Breeds commonly affected by cherry eye

Beagles, Cocker Spaniels, Bostons, Poodles, other brachycephalic breeds

Reasons for protrusion of third eyelid

conformation (breed-related enophlathmos), non-pigmented leading edge (can be deceiving), decrease in orbital contents (dehydration, emaciation, phthisis bulbi), increase in orbital contents (neoplasia, abscess, hematoma), sympathetic denervation (horner's syndrome), ocular pain with retractor bulbi contraction, tetanus

Breeds predisposed to scrolled 3rd eyelid cartilage

large breed dogs

Most common tumor of third eyelid in domestic animals?

SCC

3 Layers of tear film?

Lipid, Aqueous, Mucous

What produces the lipid component of the tear film?

Meibomian glands

What is the function of the lipid component of the tear film?

stabilize and prevents evaporation of the aqueous layer

What produces the aqueous component of the tear film?

orbital (lacrimal) gland & gland of the third eyelid

What is the function of the aqueous portion of the tear film?

provides corneal nutrition, removes waste products

What produces the mucous component of the tear film?

conjunctival goblet cells

What is the function of the mucous component of the tear film?

interface of tear film with hydrophobic cornea, contains secretory IgA

What are common causes of KCS?

Immune-mediated (#1 cause), Congenital (Pug, Yorkies), Drug-induced (anesthesia, atropine), drug toxicity (sulfas), irradiation, surgical (removal of nictitans), systemic disease (distemper)

T/F: A cat with a low Schirmer Tear test value OU has KCS.

False: low values may be normal, interpret with clinical

How long do you need to administer cyclosporine topically for KCS before you should expect to see a response?

6 weeks

What drug can be used to treat neurogenic KCS?

Pilocarpine

How can you differentiate neurogenic KCS from immune-mediated KCS?

with neurogenic KCS, ipsilateral nose will also be dry (parasympathetic innervation is interrupted)

Differentials for epiphora?

excessive lacrimation - due to irritation (distichia, FB, tumor, entropion, etc.) or drainage abnormality - obstructions (NL system), imperforate punctum, dacryocystitis

What is infection of the nasolacrimal ducts called?

dacrycocystitis

What is the limbus?

junction of cornea and sclera

Signs of conjunctival disease?

chemosis*, hyperemia*, lymphoid hyperplasia, mucopurulent exudate, emphysema, hemorrhage, pruritis, epiphora

Most common infectious cause of chemosis in the cat?

Chlamydophila felis

How do you distinguish between conjunctival hyperemia and scleral injection?

conjunctival -superficial, tortuous vessels, branching, blanch with epi, indicative of superficial disease***, scleral - deeper, straighter, less branching, immobile, blanch slowly with epi, indicative of deep disease***

Causes of hyphema

trauma - strangulation, CSF tap; septicemia, vasculitis, coagulopathies

Non-infectious causes of conjunctivitis in the dog

pannus, KCS, entropion, FB

Non-infectious causes of conjunctivitis in the horse

immune-mediated, keratitis, uveitis

Infectious causes of conjunctivitis are most common in what two species?

feline & ruminants

What is a good topical treatment option for chalmydophila felis conjunctivitis?

topical tetracyclines

Clinical signs of FHV-1 conjunctivitis

hyperemia, sneezing, nasal discharge, keratitis

Ophthalmic abnormalities with FHV-1

dendritic corneal lesions - branching ulcers or erosions

Best antiviral agent to use in cats

Famciclovir***

Treatment for allergic conjunctivitis

flush out allergens, topical antihistamines (ketotifen)

Viral causes of conjunctivitis in dogs

***Distemper (#1), Adenovirus, Herpesvirus

Layers of the cornea body

epithelium, stroma, Descemet's membrane, endothelium

What maintains the clarity of the cornea?

absence of blood vessels, deturgescence (relative dehydration of cornea), regular arrangement of collagen lamellae in the stroma, absence of pigment, relatively acellular

Causes of deep corneal vessels (ciliary flush)

deep keratitis, scleritis, uveitis, glaucoma

Primary causes of corneal edema

endothelial degeneration, endothelial dystrophy - primary endothelial problem, non-painful, uninflamed, normal IOP

Secondary causes of corneal edema

Glaucoma, uveitis, lens luxation; secondary endothelial problem, painful*, abnormal IOP, flare present

What are keratic precipitates?

clumps of fibrin and WBC's in the anterior chamber - indicative of prior or current uveitis

Chronic superficial keratitis is also known as what?

Pannus

Clinical signs of pannus

reddened plaque, ventrolateral cornea, bilateral*** (not always symmetrical)

What breeds are predisposed to pannus?

German Shepherds & Greyhounds

How do you treat pannus?

topical steroids + cyclosporine

How long should it take for an uncomplicated ulcer to heal?

7-10 days with appropriate therapy (TAB ointment QID)

Three reasons for a persistent ulcer

Underlying cause is still present, ulcer is indolent, ulcer is infected

T/F: Primary corneal infections are common in cats

True: FHV-1

Spontaneous Chronic Corneal Epithelial Defect AKA what?

Indolent ulcer, Boxer ulcer, chronic, superficial ulcer, redundant epithelium, stromal problem

Three treatments for SCCED (indolent ulcers)

Q-tip debridement, Grid keratotomy, Burr debridement

Why shouldn't you perform a grid keratotomy in a horse or cat?

can impregnate primary corneal pathogens into the corneal stroma -- results in a corneal sequestrum

Causes of melting or deep stromal ulcers

Endogenous proteinases (leukocytes, corneal epithelial cells, stromal fibroblasts), Infection - collagenase production from Pseudomonas or beta-hemolytic strep spp., topical steroids - cause local immune suppression and potentiation of collagenases

Treatment for melting ulcers

topical antibiotics - Fluoroquinolones, Serum (contains proteinase inhibitors)

T/F: Medications are usually not needed for corneal facets.

True

Topical antifungal medication used to treat fungal keratitis

Cidofovir

What is the lamina cribrosa?

area of the sclera where the optic nerve exits

What is the cause of nodular granulomatous episcleritis? What breeds is it common in?

immune-mediated, Collies

Potential post-op complications of cataract surgery

uveitis, glaucoma, retinal detachment; less common - persistent corneal edema, synechiae, intraocular hemorrhage, secondary cataract formation, suture failure, corneal ulceration

Two types of lens-induced uveitis

Phacoclastic - lens capsule rupture, Phacolytic - leakage of abnormal lens proteins

Breeds commonly affected with primary lens luxation***

Jack Russell, other terriers, Chinese crested, Shar-pei

Incomplete resorption of iridal embryonal vasculature and mesenchymal tissues

Persistent pupillary membranes

Where do all PPMs originate from?

iris collarette

dyscoria

abnormally shaped pupil

corectopia

pupil off center

aniridia

no iris

polycoria

more than one pupil

Anterior segment dysgenesis components (AKA Merle ocular dysgenesis)

iris colobomas, eccentric pupil (corectopia), PPMs, other abnormalities (microphthalmia, cataracts, microphakia, etc.)

How can you differentiate between a uveal cyst and an iris melanocytoma/melanoma?

uveal cyst will transilluminate - iris melanocytoma/melanoma will not!

Most common primary uveal neoplasia

Melanocytic iridal neoplasia (melanoma/melanocytoma)

Second most common uveal neoplasia

ciliary body adenoma/adenocarcinoma - 50/50 benign/malignant (can be pigmented or non-pigmented)

Most common metastatic uveal neoplasia

lymphosarcoma

Clinical signs of anterior uveitis (7)

ciliary flush, corneal edema, decreased IOP (due to decreased production of aqueous humor by CB), decreased vision, hyphema, hypopyon/fibrin, iris color change (rubeosis iridis), etc.

What is rubeosis iridis?

color change of iris - due to growth of vessels on the iris

Clinical signs of posterior uveitis

tapetal hyporeflectivity, granulomas, retinal changes (edema, detachment, hemorrhage), vitreous opacity

Sequelae to uveitis

cataract, synechia, iris atrophy, lens luxation, phthisis bulbi, iris bombe, secondary glaucoma

Common infectious causes of uveitis in the dog

viral (distemper, CAV-1), Tick-borne, fungal, bacterial (brucella, lyme), parasitic (dirofilaria), algal (prototheca), protozoal (toxoplasma, neospora)

Common infectious causes of uveitis in the cat

FeLV, FIV, FIP, Fungal, Toxoplasma, Bartonella

Non-infectious causes of uveitis

Hyperlipidemia, diabetic (phacolytic uveitis), immune-mediated (uveodermatologic syndrome, episcleritis), trauma

Treatment of uveitis in the cat

Anti-inflammatories, clindamycin

increased IOP above which the optic nerve and retina can't function and ocular pathology results

glaucoma

what anesthetic drug increases IOP?

ketamine

Dog breeds affected with primary glaucoma***

Beagles, Bassett hounds, Cocker Spaniels, Bouvier des Flanders, Shih tzu, Akitas, Huskies

Conventional route of aqueous outflow

iridocorneal angle

Unconventional route of aqueous outflow

uveoscleral outflow

#1 reason to measure intraocular pressure

red eye

Normal IOP in dogs

12-25mmHg

Normal IOP in cats

12-27 mmHg

Normal IOP in horses

17-28 mmHg

MOA of Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

decrease aqueous production

MOA of beta blockers

decrease aqueous production

MOA of adrenergic agonists- alpha-2 agonists

decrease aqueous production

MOA of adrenergic agonists- epinephrine & and derivatives

increase aqueous outflow

MOA of cholinergic agonists

increase aqueous outflow

MOA of osmotics

increase aqueous outflow

MOA of prostaglandins

both decrease aqueous production and increase aqueous outflow

Pilocarpine MOA - indirect or direct stimulation of muscarinic receptors?

direct - agonize AChR

Carbachol MOA - indirect or direct stimulation of muscarinic receptors?

direct - agonize AChR

Demecarium MOA - indirect or direct stimulation of muscarinic receptors?

indirect - inhibits ACh-esterase

T/F: Beta-adrenergic blockers are not strong enough therapy for dogs with clinical glaucoma.

True - used in conjunction with other medications, or used in fellow eye (prophylaxis)

Contraindications for glycerol administration

DM, cardiac disease, renal disease, dehydration

T/F: Pupillary light reflex may be present with significant retinal dysfunction.

True