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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the species that are considered to my opportunistic mycoses?
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Deuteromycetes: Candida Spp.
Basidio/Deuteromycetes: Cryptococcus neoformans Asco-/Deuteromycetes: Aspergilus spp. Archiascomycete: Pneumocystis jiroveci |
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What is the Etiological agent associated with Candidiasis?
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Candida spp.
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True or False
Candida spp. are part of the natural flora of the human body found in the GI tract, vaginal mucosa and other places in healthy individuals. |
TRUE
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How is a Candidiasis infection transmitted?
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Typically endogenous (GI)
Can be exogenous & transmissible: healthcare workers |
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What fungal infection is the 2nd most common fungal disease only to athletes foot (tinea pedis)?
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Candidasis
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What is the fourth most nosocomial bloodstream infection.
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Candidiasis
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Describe the Virulence Factors associated with Candidiasis
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Caused by Candidia spp.
Yeast forms with buds or bastoconidia Most produce pseudohyphae, true hyphae, germ tubes, &/or chlamydoconidia NOT DIMORPHIC |
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True or False
Candidia spp. are DIMORPHIC |
False
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How does Candidiasis clinically manifest itself?
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Mucosal infection from oropharynx to entire GI tract with cottage cheese like patches (oral thrush) & discharge with pruritis
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How is the GI tract involvement in a Candidiasis infection caused?
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GI involvement with prolonged (oral) broad-spectrum antibiotic use
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Does Candidia spp. causes Vulvovaginitis?
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YES
in pregnant women and diabetic women |
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what type of pulmonary disease does Candidiasis cause?
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Pneumonia which is usually a secondary infection
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What types of disease can Candidiasis cause in immunocompromised patients?
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Leukemia
Lymphoma |
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How is Candidiasis diagnosed?
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Direct microscopic exam with in vitro culture
Observe budding yeast with pseudohyphae -looking for a yeast that thinks its a MOLD |
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You culture a specimen from your patient who had a mucosal infection of the oropharynx that had a cottage cheese like patch appearance and discharge with pruritis. What are you looking for to diagnose the patient with Candidiasis?
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Smooth bacterial like colonies which can convert to mold-like morphology
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How do you ID which species of Candida is causing a Candidiasis infection?
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ID of species is due to dispartate antimicrobial susceptiblities chrome agar indicators for sugar fermentation
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How do you treat a patient with Vulvovagintis or other infections caused by Candida spp.?
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fluconazole
Itraconazole amphotericin B Caspofungin (oral or topical) Prophylaxis includes avoiding broad-spectrum antibiotics adherence to infection and control protocols correct handling of Catheters Fluconazole may be given prophylatically |
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What infectious disease is caused by Crytococcus neoformans?
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Cryptococcosis
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where can Cryptococcus neoformans be found?
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Ubiquitous soil organism
soil contaminated with avian waste |
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How is Cryptococcus neoformans infection transmitted?
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Inhalation
typically infects individual with defective cellular immunity |
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What is the most fungal meningitis?
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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what is the primary form of Cyptococcosis infection?
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Primary infection is pulmonary and will become neurotrophic and fatal if not treated
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What are the virulence factors of Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Encapsulated yeast varying from 2-20 micrometes in diameter
Two varieties neoformans and gatti |
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What is the clinical manifestation of Cryptococcosis?
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Primary: pulmonary in nature
Often spreads to CNS by hematogenous or lymphatic routes Highly neurotrophic & cerebromeningeal infection common Dramatic in AIDS patients, fatal if untreated |
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Describe the microscopic morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans.
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YEAST IN CSF: encapsulated budding
Serological test for capsular polysaccharide in serum of CSF available |
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How do you culture Cryptococcus neoformans. What are some key characteristics?
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from affected clinical material-yield mucoid colonies due to the fact it is capsule producing yeast
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How do you treat a patient with Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Amphotericn B plus flucytosine followed by an oral azole
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What causes an Aspergillosis infection?
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Apergillus Spp.
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How is an Aspergillosis transmitted?
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Inhalation
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what are virulence factors of Aspergillus Spp.?
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Hyaline MOLD with branches septate hyphae.
Aerobic conidial heads: characteristic for species with long phialides from which columns of spherical conidia arise as infections propagules which can disseminate and grow into mycelial phase. Septate hyphae seen in anaerobic tissue |
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What is the clinical manifestation of Aspergillus spp.?
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Allergic reactions: can result in bronchopulmonary to allergic sinusitis forms.
Colonization can result in obstructive bronchial aspergillosis and aspergilloma -Fungus ball Invasive symptoms can be superficial or with immunocompression. Invasive pulmonary or disseminated aspergillosis due to angioinvasive capabilities of MOLD |
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How are Aspergillus identified?
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ID best by culturing colonies and microscope.
ONLY A.terreus causes a true fungemia, thus blood cultures aren't usually helpful |
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What is the only true Aspergillus Spp. that causes a fungemia?
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A. terreus
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How do you treat Aspergillosis?
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Amphotericin B is recommended
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what Aspergillus Spp. is resistant to Amphotericin B?
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Aspergillus terreus
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What is the etiological agent for Pneumocystosis?
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Pneumocystis jiroveci
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what was Pneumocystis jiroveci once thought to be?
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thought to be a protozoan parasite revealed to be a fungus
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How is pneumocystosis transmitted?
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Inhalation
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What is the single most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients?
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Pneumocystis jiroveci causing Pneumocystosis
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what are the virulence factors associated with Pneumocystosis?
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small trophic forms which are free, larger mononucleated sporocysts, or as cysts containing as many as eight fusiform intracystic bodies
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What does it mean to be a trophic cyst?
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active metabolism in the cyst
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What is the most common presentation clinically of pneumocystosis in AIDS patients?
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Pneumonia is the most common presentation in AIDS patients
Extrapulmonary invasions may occur Interstitial pneumonitis with mononuclear infiltrate |
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What is the best diagnostic tools for diagnosis of pneumocystosis?
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examine fluids and tissues
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How do you treat patients with pneumocystosis infection?
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Trimethoprim: sulfamethoxazole for both prophylaxis and treatment
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