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254 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which types of worms are under the FLatworm/Platyhelminth category? |
1) Cestodes/Tapeworms 2) Digenea/Trematodes/FLukes |
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Two names for FLukes |
1) digenea 2) trematodes |
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Another name for tapeworms |
Cestodes |
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Are flukes segmented? |
no |
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Where do sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction occur for flukes? |
sexual: adults in the human asexual: larval stages in the snail |
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What are the 2 cup shaped muscular suckers referred to as ? |
acetabulas: one ventral, one oral |
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What are acetabulas used for? |
attachment |
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What are two types of flukes? |
1) unisex 2) hermaphroditic |
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Where do hermaphroditic flukes normally live? |
intestines, liver, lung |
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WHere do unisex flukes normally live? |
blood vessels |
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What do flukes have as an intermediate host? |
snail |
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What type of flatworm are schistosomes? |
Blood Flukes |
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Which Flukes are unisex? |
schistosomes: mansoni, japonicum, haematobium |
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What do schistosome eggs hatch into? |
ciliated miracidium |
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What forms of schistosomes infect the snail? |
miracidium |
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What form of schistosome emerges from the snail and penetrates human skin (infective form)? |
cercarie |
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Which worm has the male living inside the female? |
schistosome |
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WHere do schistosome mansoni live? |
liver, veins around intestine |
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What can schistosome mansoni cause? |
swimmer's itch |
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Which schistosome has a lateral spine? |
mansoni |
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WHich schistosome causes morbidity and mortality worldwide? |
mansoni |
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Which schistosome is more round and may have a small spine? |
japonicum |
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WHere does Schistosome japonicum live? |
liver and veins of intestine |
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Which Schistosome has a terminal spine? |
haematobium |
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Where can Schistosome haematobium live? |
around the veins of the bladder |
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Which cancer can Schistosome haematobium cause? |
bladder cancer |
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How many hosts do hermaphroditic flukes have? |
2 |
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Which type of Flukes have eggs with operculum? |
hermaphroditic |
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Why can't hermaphroditic fluke eggs be seen in the flotation technique? |
they will sink |
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Which worm is the Oriental Liver fluke? |
clonorchis sinensis |
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What is the 1st intermediate host in hermaphroditic flukes? |
snail |
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When the Clonorchis sinensis leaves the snail, what do they encyst in as their 2nd host and what form are they in? |
freshwater fish, metacercariae |
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What is the infective form of hermaphroditic flukes? |
metacercarie |
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How do people get Clonorchis sinensis? |
eat undercooked fish, sushi |
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What is the diagnostic stage of Clonorchis sinensis? |
egg |
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What does the Clonorchis sinensis look like? |
operculum at one end with possible knob at the other |
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WHich worm is the Oriental Lung FLuke? |
Paragonimus westermanni |
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What is the second intermediate host of the Paragonimus westermanni? |
crab/crayfish |
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WHich flukes are hermaphroditic? |
Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermanni, Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola buski |
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Which infection resembles tuberculosis? |
Paragonimus westermanni |
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What is the specimen of choice for Paragonimus westermanni? |
sputum |
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WHat is the diagnostic form of Paragonimus wetermanni? |
egg |
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What does the Paragonimus westermanni egg look like? |
operculum and thick back end |
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What is the diagnostic form of Paragonimus westermanni? |
metacercarie |
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WHy is Paragonimus westermanni often missed? |
AFB culturing for TB will kill the parasite |
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Which worm is the sheep liver fluke and which is the large intestinal fluke? |
sheep liver fluke: Fasciola hepatica large intestinal fluke: Fasciola buski |
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How do humans get F. hepatica and buski? |
eat metacercarie from undercooked water plants like bamboo or water chestnuts |
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How do you differentiate F. hepatica and buski eggs? |
you can't |
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Where are Fasciola hepatica and buski found? |
Hepatica: sheep raising countries Buski: Vietnam, Thailand, CHina |
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What can Fasciola hepatica and buski cause? |
intestinal obstruction |
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Are tapeworms unisex or hermaphroditic? |
hermaphroditic |
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How many tapeworms can you have? |
usually only 1 because they can be 60 feet long |
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What is the scolex? |
anterior end of a tapeworm |
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What can be found on a scolex? |
it can have 4 attachment suckers and may have hooks |
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What is a strobila? |
entire body of a tapeworm |
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What is a proglottid? |
individual segments of tapeworms |
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How are tapeworms hermaphroditic? |
each proglottid has a male end and a female end |
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How do tapeworms grow? |
adding on more proglottids |
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What can have eggs in a tapeworm? |
the proglottid at the end of the worm: gravid |
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What is significant about an embryo in a proglottid egg? |
it can have 6 hooklets to attach to the intestinal wall |
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Which tapeworm is the beef tapeworm? |
Taenia saginata |
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Which taenia has 15-30 branches per proglottid? |
Taenia saginata |
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How do you differentiate Taenia saginata and solium eggs? |
you can't |
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Which taenia has an unarmed scolex? |
Taenia saginata |
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What is the infectious form of Taenia saginata? |
cystericercus |
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How do you get Taenia saginata? |
ingesting undercooked beef, the scolex attaches to the intestinal wall, grow by adding proglottids |
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What is the diagnostic form of Taenia saginata? |
egg, scolex, or proglottids in the stool |
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What is known as the pig tape worm? |
Taenia solium |
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WHich Taenia has an armed scolex? |
taenia solium |
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Which Taenia has <15 branches in the proglottid? |
taenia solium |
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What is the infective form of Taenia solium? |
cystericercus |
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What is cystericercus? |
larval stage |
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What is the diagnostic form of Taenia solium? |
egg, scolex, or proglottids in the stool |
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What may Taenia eggs have? |
6 hooklets in the center |
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Which worm is known as the broadfish or fish tapeworm? |
Diphyllobothrium latum |
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Where are Diphyllobothrium latum found? |
temperate regions with freshwater fish, Scandinavian countries, 100% of people in Baltic Europe are infected |
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How many Diphyllobothrium latum worms are found in people? |
usually only one, really long |
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What is different about the identification of Diphyllobothrium latum? |
the egg helps identify it |
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What does the egg of Diphyllobothrium latum look like? |
operculated, like a cross between Paragonimus and Clonorchis |
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Why is Diphyllobothrium latum a concern in the US? |
we live by the great lakes and eat fish and sushi |
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What can a Diphyllobothrium latum infection cause? |
since its so big it can cause intestinal obstruction, mild abdominal symptoms, weight loss, weakness, can rarely cause a Vitamin B12 deficiency |
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What is the first intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum? |
the copepod |
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What is the second intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum? |
freshwater fish |
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What form of Diphyllobothrium latum encysts in the fish? |
pleurocercoid |
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What is the infective form of Diphyllobothrium latum? |
pleurocercoid |
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What is the diagnostic form of Diphyllobothrium latum? |
the egg |
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What are the 4 groups of protozoans? |
1) amoebas 2) flagellates 3) ciliates 4) coccidia |
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How are protozoans grouped? |
by movement |
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How can protozoans be transmitted and what can they infect? |
via contaminated food or water or an arthropod vector may infect the intestinal area or blood |
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What are the 2 forms present in protozoans? |
cyst and trophozoite |
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WHat is the diagnostic form of most protozoans? |
cysts or trophs |
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What is the infective form of most protozoans? |
cysts if present |
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WHich protozoan form is the motile and feeding form? |
troph |
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Why are troph protozoans normally different shapes? |
they have pseudopodia |
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Which protozoans are amoebas? |
123) Entamoeba histolytica, hartmanni, coli 4) Endomilax nana 5) Iodamoeba butschlii 6) Nagleri fowleri 7) Acanthamoeba 8) Blastocystis hominis |
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Which amoaeba causes amoebic dysentery? |
Entamoeba histolytica |
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Which troph may you see RBCs in the troph form? |
Entamoeba histolytica |
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WHat does an Entamoeba histolytica cyst look like? |
4 nuclei with centered karyosomes, chromatin bar |
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What do Entamoeba histolytica trophs look like? |
1 nucleus, centered karyosome, may have ingested RBCs |
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Which Entamoeba is a mini histolytica? |
E. hartmanni |
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How big is Entamoeba hartmanni? |
<10 um |
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WHich Entamoeba is bigger than histolytica? |
Entamoeba coli |
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What does the pathogenesis of Entamoeba coli depend on? |
the amount |
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What do Entamoeba coli cysts look like? |
up to 8 nuclei with eccentric karyosomes, no chromatin bar |
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Which Entamoeba troph may have ingested bacteria? |
Entamoeba coli |
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What does pathogenesis of Endomilax nana depend on? |
how heavy infection is |
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What do Endomilax nana cysts look like? |
bowling balls, blotchy karyosomes |
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What do the trophs of Endomilax nana look like? |
1 blotchy karyosome |
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What does the cyst stage of Iodamoeba butschlii look like? |
large glycogen vacuole: dark with iodine, clear with trichrome 1 nucleus |
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What does Iodamoeba butschlii troph look like? |
just like E. nana troph, 1 blotchy karyosome |
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WHich amoeba causes primary amoebic meningioencephalitis? |
Naegleri fowleri |
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What form of Naegleri fowleri is seen in humans? |
only troph (but there is a cyst stage) |
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Which organism is often diagnosed at autopsy? |
Naegleri fowleri |
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What amoeba causes a chronic granulomatous form of encephalitis? |
acanthamoeba, but it usually gets diagnosed in the eye first |
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WHich amoeba is associated with contact lense solution? |
acanthamoeba |
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How is acanthamoeba often identified? |
scraping a corneal ulcer and put on a BAP/agar-agar plate covered with e. coli, acanthamoeba makes tracks through it |
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Which amoeba has been switched from fungus to parasite a bunch? |
Blastocystis hominis |
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What causes the pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis? |
number of organisms |
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What does blastocystis hominis look like? |
granules around edges |
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WHich flagellates only have a troph stage? |
trichomonas vaginalis and dientamoeba fragilis |
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What is the most common intestinal flagellate in the US? |
GIardia lamblia |
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How many specimens bust be negative before calling a negative Giardia? |
3-5 |
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How do you usually get Giardia lamblia? |
infected water |
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What causes the purple burps? |
Giardia lamblia |
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What do GIardia lamblia cysts and trophs look like? |
cyst: football with eyes, axoneme, parabasal bodies troph: eyes with axoneme and parabasal bodies, may see flagella |
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What flagellate often co-infects with pinworm? |
Dientamoeba fragilis |
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Why is DIentamoeba fragilis often missed? |
it degrades quickly |
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What does the Dientamoeba fragilis troph look like? |
two symmetrical eyes |
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What does the CHilomastic mesnilii cyst look like? |
pear/lemon with a cystosome that can look like a shepard's crook, single nucleus with central karyosome |
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What does the CHilomastix mesnilii troph look like? |
anterior nucleus with flagella on the opposite side |
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Which flagellate is an STD? |
trichomonas vaginalis |
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Common symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis in women? |
adverse pregnancy outcomes, PID, cervical neoplasms, itching, frothy discharge, burning urination, strawberrypatch |
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SYmptoms of trichomonas vaginalis in men? |
usually asymptomatic may have urethritis and a discharge |
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What is trichomonas vaginalis mistaken for? |
WBC, look like them and may cause a false positive for he Leukocyte esterase test |
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Which organism can have an undulating membrane? |
trichomonas vaginalis |
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Which is the only ciliate that infects man? |
Balantidium coli |
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What may be a contamination source of Balantidium coli? |
swine |
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What do Balantidium coli cysts and trophs look like? |
macronucleus |
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Another name for roundworms |
nematodes |
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Most common site for roundworms to infect? |
intestines |
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How can roundworms be transmitted to humans? |
1) ingestion of the egg 2) penetration through skin via larvae 3) through an insect vector |
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How do roundworms reproduce? |
there is both a male and female worm |
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How do roundworms get nutrition and how does it effect a person? |
1) absorbing nutrients - malnourishment 2) sucks blood - anemia |
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How can most roundworm infections be treated? |
oral medication |
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What is the formal name for pinworm? |
Enterobius vermicularis |
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Which worm do you get from pica or fecal-oral transmission? |
Enterobius vermicularis, pinworm |
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How is Enterobius verminuclaris diagnosed? |
pinworm paddle |
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What is the infective form of Enterobius vermicularis? |
egg |
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What does the Enterobius vermicularis egg look like? |
disk |
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What is the diagnostic form of Enterobius vermicularis? |
egg |
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What is the formal name for whipworm? |
Trichuris thrichiura |
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Where does Trichuris trichiura live? |
warm moist soil |
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What is the infective form of Trichuris trichiura? |
egg |
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What are some common symptoms if you are infected with Trichuris trichiura? |
ulcerative colitis, rectal prolapse |
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Which worm can co-infect with Ascarislumbrociodes? |
Trichuris trichiura |
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What is the diagnostic form of Trichuris trichiura? |
egg |
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What does the Trichuris trichiura egg look like? |
bipolar plugs at both ends |
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Which roundworm is known as the large intestinal roundworm? |
Ascaris lumbrociodes |
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Which technique should be used to find ascaris? |
sedimentation, the egg is large |
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What can be used to describe an ascaris lumbrociodes egg? |
mamillated, corticated |
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What is the difference between a fertilized and non fertilized Ascaris lumbrociodes egg? |
the fertilized egg has a thicker shell |
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What can the Ascaris lumbrociodes worm do in the body? |
wrap around the intestines or appendix, liver abscesses, malabsorption/intestinal blockage |
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What is the diagnostic for of Ascaris lumbrociodes? |
egg |
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What is the infective form of Ascaris lumbrociodes? |
egg |
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Which worm can do liver-lung migration? |
Ascaris lumbrociodes |
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What is the formal name for New World Hookworm? |
Necator americanus |
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Diagnostic stage of Necator americanus? |
egg |
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What is the infective form of Necator americanus? |
filariform |
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How does the Necator americanus infect you? |
filariform (larvae) penetrates skin |
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Why does Necator americanus cause severe anemia? |
it has scary teeth to grab onto you and suck your blood |
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What can Necator americanus cause? |
anemia, intellectual and cognitive retardation |
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What worm shows cutaneous larva migrans? |
Necator americanus |
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WHich roundworm has a long buccal cavity? |
Necator americanus |
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Which roundworm has a short buccal cavity? |
Strongyloides stercoralis |
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What is the formal name for threadworm? |
Strongyloides stercoralis |
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Infective stage of Strongyloides stercoralis |
filariform (larvae) |
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Diagnostic stage of Strongyloides stercoralis? |
rhabditiform (worm) |
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Which worm is only female in humans? |
Strongyloides stercoralis |
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What are unique things about Strongyloides stercoralis? |
1) autoreinfection 2) infects immunocompromised |
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WHich roundworm encysts in muscle and makes nurse cells? |
Trichinella spiralis |
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How do you get Trichinella spiralis? |
eating undercooked game |
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How can Trichinella spiralis diagnosed? |
serologically or muscle biopsies |
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What is most dangerous about Trichinella spiralis? |
it can migrate to the brain |
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What is the formal name for Guinea worm? |
Dracunculus medinensis |
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How do you get Drancunculus medinensis? |
ingesting larvae in copepods |
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WHich worm crawls under skin and will pop out of blisters? |
Dracunculus medinensis |
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How do you remove Dracunculus medinensis? |
wrap around something and let it come out slowly so it doesnt cause an inflammatory reaction and secondary bacterial infections |
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What sample do you use to ID malaria? |
thick and thin smear of blood with EDTA or no anticoagulant |
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What Stain is normally used for Malaria and how should the slides dry? |
air dry, normally giemsa but can also use wright |
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Which parasite causes Malaria? |
plasmodium |
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Main 4 plasmodium species that cause malaria |
1) falciparum 2) ovale 3) vivax 4) malariae |
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Where does plasmodium do sexual reproduction and asexual multiplication? |
sexual: in the mosquito asexual: in the human |
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Main drug used to treat malaria |
chloroquine |
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What form of malaria infects the human? |
sporozoite injected from mosquito |
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Where do malaria sporozoites first travel after infecting a human? |
the liver |
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When malaria is diving in cells, what is the process called and what are the organisms called? |
schizgony, schizonts |
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What are malaria parasites called when they break out of liver cells? |
merozoites |
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What are malarial parasites called when they break out of RBC? |
merozoites |
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What is the malarial form in RBC that are rings? |
trophozoites |
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What will malaria trophozoites do to RBC? |
feed on HGb and enlarge the RBC |
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WHat can malaria merozoites do once they break out of RBC? |
infect more RBC or make gametocytes |
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What causes fever and chills in malaria and what is it called? |
parasites breaking in and out of cells, paroxysms |
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WHat are female gametocytes of malaria called? |
macrogametocytes |
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What are male gametocytes of malaria called? |
microgametocytes |
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What form of malarial parasites are taken up by uninfected mosquitoes? |
gametocytes |
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Which plasmodiums have tertian life cycle and what does that mean? |
vivax and ovale, fever and chill cycle of 48 hours |
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WHat are the 2 most common plasmodium? |
vivax and faciparum |
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What kind of RBCs does vivax infect? |
young RBC |
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WHat is the most common stage of vivax seen in blood? |
trophozoite |
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How many merozoites are commonly seen in vivax? |
12-24 |
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What are Schuffner dots seen in? |
normally late troph form of vivax, ovale |
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WHich is the least common plasmodium? |
ovale |
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What is similar between ovale and vivax? |
1) infected RBC may have 1 troph in them 2) enlarge RBCs 3) Schuffner dots 4) tertian cycle |
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Unique characteristics of plasmodium ovale |
1) make RBCs oval 2) RBCs can appear frimbinated 3) has only 6-12 merozoites |
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What RBCs do plasmodium malariae infect? |
older RBCs |
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WHat plasmodium has a quartan life cycle? |
malariae: 72 hour fever and chills cycle |
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What plasmodiums dont have schuffner dots? |
malariae |
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Which plasmodium doesnt change the RBC shape? |
malariae |
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Which plasmodium can give you a low grade parasitemia for years before being diagnosed? |
malariae |
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Which plasmodium may have 6-12 daisy/pinwheel/rosette merozoite? |
malariae |
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Is plasmodium malariae or ovale more common? |
malariae |
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Which plasmodium has a band shape in late troph stages? |
malariae |
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Which plasmodium is the most virulent and has the highest mortality rate? |
falciparum |
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Which plasmodium often coinfects with vivax? |
falciparum |
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WHich plasmodium infects all RBCs? |
falciparum |
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WHich plasmodium causes blackwater fever? |
falciparum |
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WHich plasmodium has Mauer dots? |
falciparum |
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Which plasmodium will cause a high fever for several days? |
falciparum |
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Which plasmodium can you commonly see two trophs in RBCs? |
falciparum |
|
What are applique forms and what is it seen in? |
open trophs laying along RBCs plasmodium falciparum |
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Which stage of which plasmodium has a banana shape? |
falciparum gametocyte |
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What stages of falciparum are normally seen in an infection? |
trophozoite and gametocyte ONLY |
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WHy can falciparum cause a clot? |
secretes a sticky substance |
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WHich parasite often infects humans from being bitten by a tick? |
Babesia microti |
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What does Babesia microti often co-infect with? |
borrelia (lyme disease) |
|
What parasite is seen in Martha's vineyard, Nantucket island, and CA? |
Babesia microti |
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What form of Babesia microti is infectious and which is diagnostic? |
infectious: sporozoites diagnostic: trophozoites seen in RBCs |
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When do Babesia microti form gametocytes? |
never |
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How is Babesia microti diagnosed? |
smear and history, serology |
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What can Babesia microti look like in RBCs? |
tetrads |
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WHat can babesia microti often look like in RBC? |
falciparum |
|
What host do hemoflagellates need? |
arthropod |
|
Two important human pathogens of hemoflagellates? |
lieshmania and trypanosoma |
|
3 important trypanosoma species |
1) T. rhodensiense 2) T. gambiense 3) T. cruzi |
|
What causes East African sleeping sickenss? |
Trypanosoma rhodensiense |
|
What causes west african sleeping sickness? |
trypanosoma gambiense |
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What transmits trypanosoma rhodensiense and gambiense to humas? |
tsetse fly bite |
|
What causes chagas disease? |
T. cruzi |
|
What is significant about Chagas disease? |
1/4-1/2 blood in central and south american is infected |
|
What transmitted T. cruzi to humans? |
reduvid bug bites |
|
What is referred to as the kissing bug? |
reduvid bug |
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What form of T. cruzi will be found in the blood? |
trypomastigote |
|
What form of T. cruzi is found in tissue cells? |
amastigote |
|
What is xenodiagnosis and what does it diagnose? |
grow reduvid bugs and have them bite an infected person to see if they get T. cruzi (CHagas DIsease) |