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254 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Which types of worms are under the FLatworm/Platyhelminth category?

1) Cestodes/Tapeworms


2) Digenea/Trematodes/FLukes

Two names for FLukes

1) digenea


2) trematodes

Another name for tapeworms

Cestodes

Are flukes segmented?

no

Where do sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction occur for flukes?

sexual: adults in the human




asexual: larval stages in the snail

What are the 2 cup shaped muscular suckers referred to as ?

acetabulas: one ventral, one oral

What are acetabulas used for?

attachment

What are two types of flukes?

1) unisex


2) hermaphroditic

Where do hermaphroditic flukes normally live?

intestines, liver, lung

WHere do unisex flukes normally live?

blood vessels

What do flukes have as an intermediate host?

snail

What type of flatworm are schistosomes?

Blood Flukes

Which Flukes are unisex?

schistosomes: mansoni, japonicum, haematobium

What do schistosome eggs hatch into?

ciliated miracidium

What forms of schistosomes infect the snail?

miracidium

What form of schistosome emerges from the snail and penetrates human skin (infective form)?

cercarie

Which worm has the male living inside the female?

schistosome

WHere do schistosome mansoni live?

liver, veins around intestine

What can schistosome mansoni cause?

swimmer's itch

Which schistosome has a lateral spine?

mansoni

WHich schistosome causes morbidity and mortality worldwide?

mansoni

Which schistosome is more round and may have a small spine?

japonicum

WHere does Schistosome japonicum live?

liver and veins of intestine

Which Schistosome has a terminal spine?

haematobium

Where can Schistosome haematobium live?

around the veins of the bladder

Which cancer can Schistosome haematobium cause?

bladder cancer

How many hosts do hermaphroditic flukes have?

2

Which type of Flukes have eggs with operculum?

hermaphroditic

Why can't hermaphroditic fluke eggs be seen in the flotation technique?

they will sink

Which worm is the Oriental Liver fluke?

clonorchis sinensis

What is the 1st intermediate host in hermaphroditic flukes?

snail

When the Clonorchis sinensis leaves the snail, what do they encyst in as their 2nd host and what form are they in?

freshwater fish, metacercariae

What is the infective form of hermaphroditic flukes?

metacercarie

How do people get Clonorchis sinensis?

eat undercooked fish, sushi

What is the diagnostic stage of Clonorchis sinensis?

egg

What does the Clonorchis sinensis look like?

operculum at one end with possible knob at the other

WHich worm is the Oriental Lung FLuke?

Paragonimus westermanni

What is the second intermediate host of the Paragonimus westermanni?

crab/crayfish

WHich flukes are hermaphroditic?

Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermanni, Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola buski

Which infection resembles tuberculosis?

Paragonimus westermanni

What is the specimen of choice for Paragonimus westermanni?

sputum

WHat is the diagnostic form of Paragonimus wetermanni?

egg

What does the Paragonimus westermanni egg look like?

operculum and thick back end

What is the diagnostic form of Paragonimus westermanni?

metacercarie

WHy is Paragonimus westermanni often missed?

AFB culturing for TB will kill the parasite

Which worm is the sheep liver fluke and which is the large intestinal fluke?

sheep liver fluke: Fasciola hepatica




large intestinal fluke: Fasciola buski

How do humans get F. hepatica and buski?

eat metacercarie from undercooked water plants like bamboo or water chestnuts

How do you differentiate F. hepatica and buski eggs?

you can't

Where are Fasciola hepatica and buski found?

Hepatica: sheep raising countries




Buski: Vietnam, Thailand, CHina

What can Fasciola hepatica and buski cause?

intestinal obstruction

Are tapeworms unisex or hermaphroditic?

hermaphroditic

How many tapeworms can you have?

usually only 1 because they can be 60 feet long

What is the scolex?

anterior end of a tapeworm

What can be found on a scolex?

it can have 4 attachment suckers and may have hooks

What is a strobila?

entire body of a tapeworm

What is a proglottid?

individual segments of tapeworms

How are tapeworms hermaphroditic?

each proglottid has a male end and a female end

How do tapeworms grow?

adding on more proglottids

What can have eggs in a tapeworm?

the proglottid at the end of the worm: gravid

What is significant about an embryo in a proglottid egg?

it can have 6 hooklets to attach to the intestinal wall

Which tapeworm is the beef tapeworm?

Taenia saginata

Which taenia has 15-30 branches per proglottid?

Taenia saginata

How do you differentiate Taenia saginata and solium eggs?

you can't

Which taenia has an unarmed scolex?

Taenia saginata

What is the infectious form of Taenia saginata?

cystericercus

How do you get Taenia saginata?

ingesting undercooked beef, the scolex attaches to the intestinal wall, grow by adding proglottids

What is the diagnostic form of Taenia saginata?

egg, scolex, or proglottids in the stool

What is known as the pig tape worm?

Taenia solium

WHich Taenia has an armed scolex?

taenia solium

Which Taenia has <15 branches in the proglottid?

taenia solium

What is the infective form of Taenia solium?

cystericercus

What is cystericercus?

larval stage

What is the diagnostic form of Taenia solium?

egg, scolex, or proglottids in the stool

What may Taenia eggs have?

6 hooklets in the center

Which worm is known as the broadfish or fish tapeworm?

Diphyllobothrium latum

Where are Diphyllobothrium latum found?

temperate regions with freshwater fish, Scandinavian countries, 100% of people in Baltic Europe are infected

How many Diphyllobothrium latum worms are found in people?

usually only one, really long

What is different about the identification of Diphyllobothrium latum?

the egg helps identify it

What does the egg of Diphyllobothrium latum look like?

operculated, like a cross between Paragonimus and Clonorchis

Why is Diphyllobothrium latum a concern in the US?

we live by the great lakes and eat fish and sushi

What can a Diphyllobothrium latum infection cause?

since its so big it can cause intestinal obstruction, mild abdominal symptoms, weight loss, weakness, can rarely cause a Vitamin B12 deficiency

What is the first intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum?

the copepod

What is the second intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum?

freshwater fish

What form of Diphyllobothrium latum encysts in the fish?

pleurocercoid

What is the infective form of Diphyllobothrium latum?

pleurocercoid

What is the diagnostic form of Diphyllobothrium latum?

the egg

What are the 4 groups of protozoans?

1) amoebas


2) flagellates


3) ciliates


4) coccidia



How are protozoans grouped?

by movement

How can protozoans be transmitted and what can they infect?

via contaminated food or water or an arthropod vector




may infect the intestinal area or blood

What are the 2 forms present in protozoans?

cyst and trophozoite

WHat is the diagnostic form of most protozoans?

cysts or trophs

What is the infective form of most protozoans?

cysts if present

WHich protozoan form is the motile and feeding form?

troph

Why are troph protozoans normally different shapes?

they have pseudopodia

Which protozoans are amoebas?

123) Entamoeba histolytica, hartmanni, coli


4) Endomilax nana


5) Iodamoeba butschlii


6) Nagleri fowleri


7) Acanthamoeba


8) Blastocystis hominis

Which amoaeba causes amoebic dysentery?

Entamoeba histolytica

Which troph may you see RBCs in the troph form?

Entamoeba histolytica

WHat does an Entamoeba histolytica cyst look like?

4 nuclei with centered karyosomes, chromatin bar

What do Entamoeba histolytica trophs look like?

1 nucleus, centered karyosome, may have ingested RBCs

Which Entamoeba is a mini histolytica?

E. hartmanni

How big is Entamoeba hartmanni?

<10 um

WHich Entamoeba is bigger than histolytica?

Entamoeba coli

What does the pathogenesis of Entamoeba coli depend on?

the amount

What do Entamoeba coli cysts look like?

up to 8 nuclei with eccentric karyosomes, no chromatin bar

Which Entamoeba troph may have ingested bacteria?

Entamoeba coli

What does pathogenesis of Endomilax nana depend on?

how heavy infection is

What do Endomilax nana cysts look like?

bowling balls, blotchy karyosomes

What do the trophs of Endomilax nana look like?

1 blotchy karyosome

What does the cyst stage of Iodamoeba butschlii look like?

large glycogen vacuole: dark with iodine, clear with trichrome




1 nucleus

What does Iodamoeba butschlii troph look like?

just like E. nana troph, 1 blotchy karyosome

WHich amoeba causes primary amoebic meningioencephalitis?

Naegleri fowleri

What form of Naegleri fowleri is seen in humans?

only troph (but there is a cyst stage)

Which organism is often diagnosed at autopsy?

Naegleri fowleri

What amoeba causes a chronic granulomatous form of encephalitis?

acanthamoeba, but it usually gets diagnosed in the eye first

WHich amoeba is associated with contact lense solution?

acanthamoeba

How is acanthamoeba often identified?

scraping a corneal ulcer and put on a BAP/agar-agar plate covered with e. coli, acanthamoeba makes tracks through it

Which amoeba has been switched from fungus to parasite a bunch?

Blastocystis hominis

What causes the pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis?

number of organisms

What does blastocystis hominis look like?

granules around edges

WHich flagellates only have a troph stage?

trichomonas vaginalis and dientamoeba fragilis

What is the most common intestinal flagellate in the US?

GIardia lamblia

How many specimens bust be negative before calling a negative Giardia?

3-5

How do you usually get Giardia lamblia?

infected water

What causes the purple burps?

Giardia lamblia

What do GIardia lamblia cysts and trophs look like?

cyst: football with eyes, axoneme, parabasal bodies




troph: eyes with axoneme and parabasal bodies, may see flagella

What flagellate often co-infects with pinworm?

Dientamoeba fragilis

Why is DIentamoeba fragilis often missed?

it degrades quickly

What does the Dientamoeba fragilis troph look like?

two symmetrical eyes

What does the CHilomastic mesnilii cyst look like?

pear/lemon with a cystosome that can look like a shepard's crook, single nucleus with central karyosome

What does the CHilomastix mesnilii troph look like?

anterior nucleus with flagella on the opposite side

Which flagellate is an STD?

trichomonas vaginalis

Common symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis in women?

adverse pregnancy outcomes, PID, cervical neoplasms, itching, frothy discharge, burning urination, strawberrypatch

SYmptoms of trichomonas vaginalis in men?

usually asymptomatic




may have urethritis and a discharge





What is trichomonas vaginalis mistaken for?

WBC, look like them and may cause a false positive for he Leukocyte esterase test

Which organism can have an undulating membrane?

trichomonas vaginalis

Which is the only ciliate that infects man?

Balantidium coli

What may be a contamination source of Balantidium coli?

swine

What do Balantidium coli cysts and trophs look like?

macronucleus

Another name for roundworms

nematodes

Most common site for roundworms to infect?

intestines

How can roundworms be transmitted to humans?

1) ingestion of the egg


2) penetration through skin via larvae


3) through an insect vector

How do roundworms reproduce?

there is both a male and female worm

How do roundworms get nutrition and how does it effect a person?

1) absorbing nutrients - malnourishment




2) sucks blood - anemia

How can most roundworm infections be treated?

oral medication

What is the formal name for pinworm?

Enterobius vermicularis

Which worm do you get from pica or fecal-oral transmission?

Enterobius vermicularis, pinworm

How is Enterobius verminuclaris diagnosed?

pinworm paddle

What is the infective form of Enterobius vermicularis?

egg

What does the Enterobius vermicularis egg look like?

disk

What is the diagnostic form of Enterobius vermicularis?

egg

What is the formal name for whipworm?

Trichuris thrichiura

Where does Trichuris trichiura live?

warm moist soil

What is the infective form of Trichuris trichiura?

egg

What are some common symptoms if you are infected with Trichuris trichiura?

ulcerative colitis, rectal prolapse

Which worm can co-infect with Ascarislumbrociodes?

Trichuris trichiura

What is the diagnostic form of Trichuris trichiura?

egg

What does the Trichuris trichiura egg look like?

bipolar plugs at both ends

Which roundworm is known as the large intestinal roundworm?

Ascaris lumbrociodes

Which technique should be used to find ascaris?

sedimentation, the egg is large

What can be used to describe an ascaris lumbrociodes egg?

mamillated, corticated

What is the difference between a fertilized and non fertilized Ascaris lumbrociodes egg?

the fertilized egg has a thicker shell

What can the Ascaris lumbrociodes worm do in the body?

wrap around the intestines or appendix, liver abscesses, malabsorption/intestinal blockage

What is the diagnostic for of Ascaris lumbrociodes?

egg

What is the infective form of Ascaris lumbrociodes?

egg

Which worm can do liver-lung migration?

Ascaris lumbrociodes

What is the formal name for New World Hookworm?

Necator americanus

Diagnostic stage of Necator americanus?

egg

What is the infective form of Necator americanus?

filariform

How does the Necator americanus infect you?

filariform (larvae) penetrates skin

Why does Necator americanus cause severe anemia?

it has scary teeth to grab onto you and suck your blood

What can Necator americanus cause?

anemia, intellectual and cognitive retardation

What worm shows cutaneous larva migrans?

Necator americanus

WHich roundworm has a long buccal cavity?

Necator americanus

Which roundworm has a short buccal cavity?

Strongyloides stercoralis

What is the formal name for threadworm?

Strongyloides stercoralis

Infective stage of Strongyloides stercoralis

filariform (larvae)

Diagnostic stage of Strongyloides stercoralis?

rhabditiform (worm)

Which worm is only female in humans?

Strongyloides stercoralis

What are unique things about Strongyloides stercoralis?

1) autoreinfection


2) infects immunocompromised



WHich roundworm encysts in muscle and makes nurse cells?

Trichinella spiralis

How do you get Trichinella spiralis?

eating undercooked game

How can Trichinella spiralis diagnosed?

serologically or muscle biopsies

What is most dangerous about Trichinella spiralis?

it can migrate to the brain

What is the formal name for Guinea worm?

Dracunculus medinensis

How do you get Drancunculus medinensis?

ingesting larvae in copepods

WHich worm crawls under skin and will pop out of blisters?

Dracunculus medinensis

How do you remove Dracunculus medinensis?

wrap around something and let it come out slowly so it doesnt cause an inflammatory reaction and secondary bacterial infections

What sample do you use to ID malaria?

thick and thin smear of blood with EDTA or no anticoagulant

What Stain is normally used for Malaria and how should the slides dry?

air dry, normally giemsa but can also use wright

Which parasite causes Malaria?

plasmodium

Main 4 plasmodium species that cause malaria

1) falciparum


2) ovale


3) vivax


4) malariae

Where does plasmodium do sexual reproduction and asexual multiplication?

sexual: in the mosquito




asexual: in the human

Main drug used to treat malaria

chloroquine

What form of malaria infects the human?

sporozoite injected from mosquito

Where do malaria sporozoites first travel after infecting a human?

the liver

When malaria is diving in cells, what is the process called and what are the organisms called?

schizgony, schizonts

What are malaria parasites called when they break out of liver cells?

merozoites

What are malarial parasites called when they break out of RBC?

merozoites

What is the malarial form in RBC that are rings?

trophozoites

What will malaria trophozoites do to RBC?

feed on HGb and enlarge the RBC

WHat can malaria merozoites do once they break out of RBC?

infect more RBC or make gametocytes

What causes fever and chills in malaria and what is it called?

parasites breaking in and out of cells, paroxysms

WHat are female gametocytes of malaria called?

macrogametocytes

What are male gametocytes of malaria called?

microgametocytes

What form of malarial parasites are taken up by uninfected mosquitoes?

gametocytes

Which plasmodiums have tertian life cycle and what does that mean?

vivax and ovale, fever and chill cycle of 48 hours

WHat are the 2 most common plasmodium?

vivax and faciparum

What kind of RBCs does vivax infect?

young RBC

WHat is the most common stage of vivax seen in blood?

trophozoite

How many merozoites are commonly seen in vivax?

12-24

What are Schuffner dots seen in?

normally late troph form of vivax, ovale

WHich is the least common plasmodium?

ovale

What is similar between ovale and vivax?

1) infected RBC may have 1 troph in them


2) enlarge RBCs


3) Schuffner dots


4) tertian cycle

Unique characteristics of plasmodium ovale

1) make RBCs oval


2) RBCs can appear frimbinated


3) has only 6-12 merozoites

What RBCs do plasmodium malariae infect?

older RBCs

WHat plasmodium has a quartan life cycle?

malariae: 72 hour fever and chills cycle

What plasmodiums dont have schuffner dots?

malariae

Which plasmodium doesnt change the RBC shape?

malariae

Which plasmodium can give you a low grade parasitemia for years before being diagnosed?

malariae

Which plasmodium may have 6-12 daisy/pinwheel/rosette merozoite?

malariae

Is plasmodium malariae or ovale more common?

malariae

Which plasmodium has a band shape in late troph stages?

malariae

Which plasmodium is the most virulent and has the highest mortality rate?

falciparum

Which plasmodium often coinfects with vivax?

falciparum

WHich plasmodium infects all RBCs?

falciparum

WHich plasmodium causes blackwater fever?

falciparum

WHich plasmodium has Mauer dots?

falciparum

Which plasmodium will cause a high fever for several days?

falciparum

Which plasmodium can you commonly see two trophs in RBCs?

falciparum

What are applique forms and what is it seen in?

open trophs laying along RBCs




plasmodium falciparum

Which stage of which plasmodium has a banana shape?

falciparum gametocyte

What stages of falciparum are normally seen in an infection?

trophozoite and gametocyte ONLY

WHy can falciparum cause a clot?

secretes a sticky substance

WHich parasite often infects humans from being bitten by a tick?

Babesia microti

What does Babesia microti often co-infect with?

borrelia (lyme disease)

What parasite is seen in Martha's vineyard, Nantucket island, and CA?

Babesia microti

What form of Babesia microti is infectious and which is diagnostic?

infectious: sporozoites




diagnostic: trophozoites seen in RBCs

When do Babesia microti form gametocytes?

never

How is Babesia microti diagnosed?

smear and history, serology

What can Babesia microti look like in RBCs?

tetrads

WHat can babesia microti often look like in RBC?

falciparum

What host do hemoflagellates need?

arthropod

Two important human pathogens of hemoflagellates?

lieshmania and trypanosoma

3 important trypanosoma species

1) T. rhodensiense


2) T. gambiense


3) T. cruzi

What causes East African sleeping sickenss?

Trypanosoma rhodensiense

What causes west african sleeping sickness?

trypanosoma gambiense

What transmits trypanosoma rhodensiense and gambiense to humas?

tsetse fly bite

What causes chagas disease?

T. cruzi

What is significant about Chagas disease?

1/4-1/2 blood in central and south american is infected

What transmitted T. cruzi to humans?

reduvid bug bites

What is referred to as the kissing bug?

reduvid bug

What form of T. cruzi will be found in the blood?

trypomastigote

What form of T. cruzi is found in tissue cells?

amastigote

What is xenodiagnosis and what does it diagnose?

grow reduvid bugs and have them bite an infected person to see if they get T. cruzi (CHagas DIsease)