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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Risk factors for Cervical cancer
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-Early age @ first intercourse
-Multiple sexual partners -Increased parity -Male partner w/ multiple previous partners -oral contraceptives -nicotine -genital infections -HPV |
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E6
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-binds to p53, inducing ubiquitin-proteolysis and decreasing # 2-3 fold-->prevention of cell death pathways
-up-regulates telomerase (prevents replicative senescence) -(w/E7) binds to RB w/ up-regulation of Cyclin E and p16INK4 |
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E7
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-(along w/E6) induces centrosome duplication and genomic instability
-complexes w/ hypophosphorylated RB (active) -->proteosomal proteolysis [active Rb inhibits S-phase entry via binding to E2F transcription factor |
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Stage 0 squamous cell carcinoma
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CIN III
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Stage 1 Squamous cell carcinoma
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carcinoma confined to cervix
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Stage II Squamous cell carcinoma
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beyond cervix, but not to pelvic wall, involves vagina but not lower 1/3rd
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Stage III
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extended topelvic wall, on rectal-no cancer free space between tumor and pelvic wall, lower 1/3rd of vagina
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Stage IV
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carcinoma beyond true pelvis -->involves mucosa of bladder or rectum. metastatic
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Most comon sites of metastasis for lung cancers
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Adrenals (>50%); liver (30-50%); Brain (20%); Bones (20%)
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Most common sites for Breast cancer metastasis
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Lungs, bones, liver, adrenals, meninges
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Most common sites for Prostate cancer Metastasis
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Bones
-lumbar spine,proximal femur, pelvis, thoracic spine, ribs |
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Most common site for Colorectal cancer metastasis
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Liver, lungs, bones
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epigenetics
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Inheritance of information based on gene-expression levels independant of underlying DNA nucleotide sequence
-example: genes may be silenced via hypermethylation of cpG islands located in promoter sequences (w/out structural changes in DNA base sequence) |
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"epigenetic switch"
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Hypermethylation causes silenceing of Tumor-suppressor genes (BCRA1, p16INK41, etc)
-therefore critical but POTENTIALLY TRANSIENT changes in gene expression patterns can occur as cancer cells invade local tissue and metastasize to distant sites -ex: loss of cell adhesion at beginning of invasion and reaquisition @ a distant site |
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tumors comprised of
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parenchymal neoplastic cells (epithelial or others)
tumor stroma: extracellular matrix, fibroblasts, etc. |
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Seed
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special properties of tumor cells (adhesion molecules, cytokines, enzymes for remodelling ECM)
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Soil
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Special propeties of environment
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changes in adhesion
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changes in cadherins, integrins, and their receptors
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Integrins
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transmembrane glycoproteins that function as cell adhesion molecules and bind to components of the ECM(collagens, laminin)
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Cadherins
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transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate cell-cell interactions
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