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55 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

What is the importance of interpersonal skills?

helps organizations attract and keep high performing employees.

What do managers do in terms of functions, roles, and skills?

Function: planning, organizing, leading.
Roles: interpersonal , informational , decisional
Skills: technical, human, and conceptual skills.


What is organizational behavior (OB)?

field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness.

Why is it important to complement intuition with systematic study?

- Because research is not always correct and people sometimes overestimate their intuition.

What are the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB?

Psychology, social psychology, sociology, anthropology.

Why are there few absolutes in OB?

Because we are not all alike, our ability to make simple, accurate, and sweeping generalizations is limited.

What are the challenges and opportunities for managers using OB concepts?

- managing workforce diversity
- improving customer service
- improving people skills


What are the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model?

Individual, group, and organization.

What are two major forms of workforce diversity?

surface level diversity and deep level diversity.

What are the stereotypes and how do they function in organizational settings?

Age: job performance declines with increasing age.
Sex: women do not perform as well as men do in the workforce.


Disability: low expectations compared to able-bodied people.


What are the key biographical characteristics and how are they relevant to OB?

Tenure, religion, sexual orientation and gender identity. They are relevant to OB b/c they can negatively or positively impact an organization if not managed.

What is intellectual ability and how is it relevant to OB?

Intellectual abilities are abilities needed to perform mental activities—thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. This is important to OB because these skills can be used toward improving organizational behavior.

How do organizations manage diversity effectively?

By creating effective diversity programs.



Must be an ongoing commitment that crosses all levels of the organization. Policies to improve the climate for diversity can be effective, so long as they are designed to acknowledge all employees’ perspectives


What are the main components of attitudes? Are these components related or unrelated?

Cognitive component, affective component, and behavioral component. And they are closely related.

Does behavior always follow from attitudes? Why or why not? Discuss the factors that affect whether behavior follows form attitudes?

No behavior does always follow from attitudes. Sometimes attitudes follow from behavior. This is due to cognitive dissonance.

What are the major job attitudes? In what ways are these attitudes alike? What is unique about each?

job satisfaction, job involvement, perceived organizational support. They are alike b/c their data can be redundant.
Job satisfaction: positive feelings about the job.
Job involvement: the degree a person identifies with job
POS: the degree an employee believes the job cares about their wellbeing.


What causes job satisfaction? For most people, is pay or the work itself more important?

job conditions and core self-evaluations cause job satisfaction. For poor people, money is very important. For people who are moderately well off and beyond, happiness is very important for job satisfaction.

What outcome does job satisfaction influence? What implications does this have for management?

job satisfaction influences job performance, OCB, customer satisfaction, absenteeism, turnover, and workplace deviance. If employees are satisfied then the areas of job satisfaction will be positively influenced.

What is the difference between emotions and moods? What are the basic emotions and moods?

Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at something. Moods are non intense emotions that are not directed at something.
Basic emotions: happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger.
Basic moods: Nervous, tense, alert, excited, elated, happy, content, bored, depressed, sad, upset, and stressed.


Are emotions rational? What functions do they serve?

Emotions are critical to rational thinking. They provide important information about how we understand the world around us.

What are the sources of emotions and moods?

Personality, day of the week and time of day, stress, social activities, sleep, exercise, and age (emotional experience improves with age).

What impact does emotional labor have on employees?

It can cause emotional dissonance, which is when an employee feels one way but has to project another emotion for their job.

What is affective events theory? What are its applications?

AET demonstrates that employees react emotionally to thing that happen to them at work, and this reaction influences their job performance and satisfaction.

What is the evidence for and against the existence of emotional intelligence?

Evidence for EI: intuitive appeal, high level of EI means a person will perform well on the job, its biologically based.



Evidence against EI: researchers do not agree on definitions, EI can’t be measured, actually a personality test with a different label.


What are some strategies for emotion regulation and their likely effects?


Strategy: Time off for employees managers provide regular affirmation. Improved job satisfaction.

How do you apply concepts about emotions and moods to specific OB issues?

You can apply them to measure job satisfaction and inputs, which relates to OB issues of organizational productivity.

What is personality? How do we typically measure it? What factors determine personality?

Personality: Enduring characteristics that describes and individuals’ behavior.
Measuring it: self assessments or observer rating surveys
Determinants: Hereditary, occupational and leisure.


What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and what does it measure?

MBTI is personality assessment. Measures Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging skills.

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience.

How do the Big Five traits predict work behavior?

It assesses the top five traits of a good worker in an organization and grades them. The higher the level across the traits the better.

Besides the Big Five, what other personality traits are relevant to OB?

Other orientation, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism

What are the values, why are they important, and what is the difference between terminal and instrumental values?

Values: basic convictions that tell an individual what is right or desirable. They are important because they lay the foundation of people’s attitudes, motivation and influence our perceptions.



Terminal values: goals someone would like to achieve in their lifetime. Instrumental values: modes or behavior someone uses to achieve their lifetime goals.


What is perception, and what factors influence our perception?

Perception: a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.



Factors that influence perception: time, work, attitudes, motives, novelty, motion, and sounds.


What is attribution theory? What are three determinants of attribution? What are its implications for explaining organization behavior?

Attribution theory: tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.
Determinants: Distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency.


What shortcuts do people frequently use in making judgments about others?

Selective perception, halo effect, contrast effects, stereotyping.

What is the link between perception and decision making? How does one affect he other?

The link between perception and decision making is a problem. You need first identify a problem before a decision can be made.

What is the rational model of decision making? How is it different from the bounded rationality and intuition?

Rational model of decision making: describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome. Its different from the bounded rationality because bounded is when you make a decision by constructing models that extract essential features from problems without capturing the complexity.

What are some of the common decision biases or errors that people make?

Overconfidence bias, anchoring bias, confirmation bias, availability bias, escalation bias, randomness error, risk aversion, hindsight bias.

What are the influences of individual difference, organizational constraints, and culture on decision making?

Gender, mental ability, and cultural differences.

What is creativity, and what is the three-component model of creativity?

Creativity: the ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
Three point model of creativity: proposes the idea that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.


What are the three key elements of motivation?

Intensity, direction, and persistence.

What are some early theories of motivation? How applicable are they today?

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Theory X & Theory Y, Two- Factor Theory, and McClelland’s Theory of Needs.

How do the predictions of self-determination theory apply to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards?

In the context of the self-determination theory, extrinsic rewards would make the employee lose motivation. Intrinsic might make the employee more motivated.

What are the implications of employee engagement for management?

If a manager has high levels of engaged employees then there are positive correlations between task performance and citizenship behavior.

What are the similarities and differences between goal setting theory and management by objectives?

Goal setting: specific and difficult goals lead to higher work performance.
Management by objective: specific goals that are set by the participants for a specific time period and feedback on progress


What the similarities and differences between reinforcement theory and goal-setting theory?

Goal setting is a cognitive approach, propping that an individual’s purposes direct his action. Reinforcement theory, in contrast, takes a behavioristic view, arguing that reinforcement conditions behavior.

How is organization justice a refinement of equity theory?

Ask Esgard :)

What are the key tenets of expectancy theory?

Effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, rewards-personal goals relationship.

What is the job characteristics model? How does it motivate employees?

A model that says we can describe any job in terms of five core job dimensions. JCM proposes that individuals obtain internal rewards when hey learn that they personally have performed well on a task they care about.

What are the three major ways that jobs can be redesigned? In your view, in what situations would one of the methods be favored over the others?

Job rotation, job enrichment, and alternative work arrangements. Alternative work arrangements because they give the employee more choice for how they want their job redesigned.

What are the three alternative work arrangements of flextime, job sharing, and telecommuting? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Flextime: flexible work hours. Adv: reduce absenteeism and improve worker productivity. Disadv: not applicable to every job.



Job sharing: allow two or more individuals to split a traditional 40 hour work week. Adv: increased motivation and satisfaction. Disadv: finding a compatible partner.



Telecommuting: working at home at least 2 days a week on a computer linked to the employers office. Adv: improved morale and fewer turnovers. Disadv: less direct supervision of employees.



What are the employee involvement programs? How might they increase employee motivation?

Participative management and representative participation. They increase employee motivation by providing intrinsic motivation.

What is variable pay? What are the variable –pay programs that are used to motivate employees? What are their advantages and disadvantages?

Variable pay: making a portion of an employees pay based on performance. Therefore, paychecks fluctuate.
Piece-Rate Pay, Merit-Based Pay, bonuses
Piece-Rate Pay: Adv- pays employee only on what he/she produces. Disadv- doesn’t work for every job.
Merit-Based Pay: Adv- high performing employees get raises. Disadv- many limitations
Bonuses: adv- rewards recent performance disadv- pay is more vulnerable to cuts.


How can flexible benefits motivate employees?

It increases employee job satisfaction and POS

What are the motivational benefits of intrinsic rewards?

Its free for the employer. Makes the employee feel happy.